Acid-Base Balance
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Total CO2=
HCO3- + H2CO3 + associated CO2 with proteins.
Enzyme used during the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system.
Carbonic Anhydrase.
Carbonic acid is proportional to ___.
the amount of dissolved CO2.
Ideal [HCO3]:[H2CO3] ratio.
20: 1 kidneys: lungs.
50:1 ratio in [HCO3]:[CO2] changes the pH balance to what?
Alkalosis.
5:1 ratio in [HCO3]:[CO2] changes the pH balance to what?
Acidosis.
Describe the use of hemoglobin as a buffer.
In the tissue, Hb acts as a buffer to pick up excess H then transported to the lungs where H is released upon oxygenation.
Describe chloride shift; what cells does this process occur within?
The exchange of HCO3 and Cl within RBCs.
When the chloride shift leads to acidosis, ___ is diffused in and ___ is diffused out. The concentration of hydrogen ions ___.
chloride; bicarbonate; increase.
When the chloride shift leads to alkalosis, ___ is diffused in and ___ is diffused out. The concentration of hydrogen ions ___.
bicarbonate; chloride; decrease.
Describe isohedric shift; in what cells does this process occur?
The exchange of K and H within RBCs.
When the isohedric shift leads to alkalosis, ___ is diffused in and ___ is diffused out.
potassium; hydrogen.
When the isohedric shift leads to acidosis, ___ is diffused in and ___ is diffused out. The concentration of hydrogen ions ___.
hydrogen; potassium; increase.
When the isohedric shift leads to acidosis, ___ is diffused in and ___ is diffused out. The concentration of hydrogen ions ___.
potassium; hydrogen; decrease.
___ and ___ are generated by the renal tubular cells and released in urine from protein catabolism.
Ammonia; phosphate.
What condition is indicative of ↑ H2CO3 (pCO2) levels?
Respiratory acidosis.
What condition is indicative of ↓ H2CO3 (pCO2) levels?
Respiratory Alkalosis.
What condition is indicative of ↓ HCO3 (and H) levels?
Metabolic acidosis.
What condition is indicative of ↑ HCO3 (and H) levels?
Metabolic alkalosis.
Describe primary disturbance of acid-base disorders.
Initial altered HCO3 (metabolic) or pCO2/H2CO3 (respiratory).
Describe the transient period of acid-base disorders.
Adjustments made for acid or base load using available compensatory mechanisms.
Describe the compensated state of acid-base disorders.
Established compensated state which ratio of HCO3 to H2CO3 is 20:1. pH is normal or near normal.
___ is an acid which associates with ___ imbalances.
CO2; respiratory.
___ is a base which associates with ___ imbalances.
HCO3; metabolic.