Toxicology
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toxicology
the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem
toxic chemical dangers
allergens, immune system depressants, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens
arsenic uses
wood preservative
lead uses
batteries, solder, ammunition
mercury uses
manometers, amalgams, switches
vinyl chlodride uses
intermediate used for polymer polyvinyl chloride
polychlorinated biphenyls uses
coolant fluids (banned in 1979(
benzene uses
component of gasoline
cadmium uses
batteries, electroplating
DDT uses
insecticide (banned in 1972)
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR): Substance Priority List
arsenic, lead, mercury, vinyl chloride, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, cadmium, DDT
routes of exposure
inhalation, ingestion, dermal
“the dose makes the poison”
Paracelsus
what does a high number of revertants mean during an ames test?
the substance being tested causes mutations
what are the axes of a dose response curve?
x axis: dose y axis: number of individuals first responding
what does a dose response curve show?
the dose at which people begin to respond to a toxin
what is an LD 50
lethal dose 50% - the dose at which 50% of recipients die
risk
exposure to the chance of injury or loss; a hazard or dangerous chance
what to consider when setting standards for environmental toxins
• combined effects of exposure to many different sources of damage • different sensitivities of members of the population • effects of chronic and acute exposures
what is the foremost cause of death worldwide?
infectious diseases
how much have deaths from infectious diseases increased since 1980?
58%
ebola
vector: virus symptoms: muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, severe bleeding, bruising
spanish flu
vector: virus - overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, killed a large number of healthy adults
HIV
vector: virus - leads to AIDS, can take up to 10 yrs to show symptoms