BSC 300 2025 TM_Lecture #11_Cellular Energetics, 11: Part III_In Class Lecture Slides (2) (2)(1)
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What are chloroplasts?
Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments that capture light energy.
What is photosynthesis?
A process in which energy from sunlight is transformed into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates Photosynthesis involves light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
What are the two main types of organisms based on their carbon source?
• Heterotrophs: depend on external organic compounds • Autotrophs: capable of utilizing CO2 as their principal carbon source
What are chemoautotrophs?
Organisms that utilize chemical energy from inorganic molecules to convert CO2 into organic compounds
What are photoautotrophs?
Organisms that utilize radiant energy from the sun to convert CO2 into organic compounds through photosynthesis
What is the main difference between photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration?
Photosynthesis oxidizes H2O to O2 and requires energy, while mitochondrial respiration reduces O2 to H2O and releases energy
What are the two series of reactions in photosynthesis?
• Light-dependent reactions: absorb sunlight and produce ATP and NADPH • Light-independent (Dark) reactions: synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
What is the Calvin Cycle?
A series of reactions in photosynthesis that fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates Also known as the C3 cycle.
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and facilitates the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis
What is photolysis?
The process of breaking down water using light energy during photosynthesis
What is the Z scheme?
The flow of electrons from H2O to NADP+ during non-cyclic photophosphorylation
What are the two types of photophosphorylation?
• Non-cyclic photophosphorylation: produces ATP and NADPH • Cyclic photophosphorylation: produces only ATP
What are the main stages of the Calvin Cycle?
• Carboxylation • Reduction • Regeneration
What is the primary enzyme involved in carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle?
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
What is photorespiration?
The process where rubisco catalyzes the attachment of O2 to RuBP, leading to the release of CO2
What are C4 plants?
Plants that utilize the C4 pathway to fix CO2, primarily in tropical environments C4 photosynthesis helps reduce water loss.
What is CAM photosynthesis?
A process where CAM plants fix CO2 at night and carry out light reactions during the day
What is the purpose of cyclic photophosphorylation?
To produce additional ATP, especially under stress conditions in plants
What is the significance of the proton gradient in photosynthesis?
It drives ATP synthesis during photophosphorylation
What are the roles of peroxisomes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria in plant physiology?
They cooperate and are interdependent in metabolic processes, including energy production and carbon fixation
Fill in the blank: The _______ pathway involves the production of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in C4 plants.
C4
True or False: Light-independent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.
False
What are the main products of light-dependent reactions?
• ATP • NADPH • O2
What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?
It serves as a reducing power for anabolic reactions in the chloroplast