Darwinian evolution

Organisms best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits to future generations

Famous scientist who traveled on the HMS beagle and made the theory of evolution by using natural selection as a mechanism

Charles Darwin published the origins of species to describe the divergence of species from a common ancestor - book laid the foundation for evolutionary biology

An economist that published “on populations” and believed that the human population groans rapidly but limited resources and. Illness keeps it in check

Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their resources which led to overpopulation - Darwin called this the struggle for excistence because populations are maintain due to organisms struggle to acquire their needs

A geologist along with James Hutton that proposed the idea of uniformitarism (earth was much older than realized)

Earth was much older than realized

Assumed like Lyell, that earth was very old because a long time was needed to pass inorder for evolution to occur

A French biologist who proposed his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics to provide an awnser to how evolution works - stated that all living things have an innate drive for prefection

Stated that bodies of organisms are modified through the use and disuse of a trait and these modifications are inherited by offspring

Assumed like Lamarck that species can change over time Due to evidence found in fossils

Lamarck: giraffes stretch their necks as they keep reaching for higher foods in taller trees and over time their necks begin to elongate and when they reproduce their offspring Will inherit a longer neck Darwin: if the giraffes enviorment changed and the leaves became scarce, it led to a struggle for excistence because longer neck giraffes had an advantage since they could reach leaves that over giraffes couldn’t. As a result longe neck giraffes were most likely to survive and reproduce passing those advantages traits to their offspring and as a reuslt each generation contained more longer neck giraffes until all giraffes had longer necks

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce fertile offspring

• Both coined the same idea of evolution • worked together/ published origins of species • coined theory of descent with modification (each generation is different from the others)

• Population can have the potential to grow rapidly (overpopulate) • Population tend to stay relatively stable in size • Population are stable due to limited resources in their enivorment • There is variation among organisms in a population • Indivisuals with advantages variations have a better chance of surviving than those with the less advantages

New mutations provide new phenotypes and leads to evolution

Direct observations, comparative homology, fossil record, and biogeography

Study species in real time to see how they change over time Ex: drug resistant bacteria

Study of similarities and differences in the structure of different species - includes homologous and analogous structures

Structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor - different functions but similar internal structures - EX of divergent evolution (common ancestor) Ex: they all have the same basic pattern of bones because they inherited this pattern from a common ancestor

Structures that are similar in unrelated organisms - similar functions but different internal structures EX: the wings of bats and insects because they both fly but the bone structure is differnt - ex of convergent evolution (different ancestory)

Study of the similarities and differences in the embryoys of different species - similarities= share a common ancestor - similarities between embryoys may be gone by adulthood

Structures that are no longer used and serve no function Ex: human tailbone, wisdom teeth, appendix, and whale pelvis - evolution reduced the size of vestigial structure because they are no longer used

Provides a hypotheses about the relationships among different groups