cardio summari final
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evaluate pH of an ABG
7.35 (acidemia)-7.45 (alkalemia)
evaluate CO2 of an ABG
35 (respiratory alkalosis) -45 (respiratory acidosis)
evaluate HCO3 of an ABG
22 (metabolic acidosis) - 26 (metabolic alkalosis)
Match the CO2 or HCO3 with the pH
one of them will be the same as pH
is the PaO2 and O2 saturations normal
PAO2: 80-100 O2: 95-100 decrease hypoxemia
list respiratory symptoms a person may have
• SOB • chest pain/tightness • dyspnea -cough • pain
signs a respiratory disorder patient may present with
• auscultation • observation (appearance, breathing pattern) • investigations (PFT, ABG)
relevant findings a respiratory person may have
• Older age • Medications • Smoking history • Main diagnosis of the patient • Multi-morbidities • Past intervention strategies
list 4 CDV risk factors
• hypertension • smoking • obesity • poor diet • age • diabetes
CDV signs for a respiratory patient
• hypertension • tachycardia or bradycardia • irregular heart rhythm • AF on ECG • ST segment elevation in inferior leads • elevated troponin
list findings of an O2 movement impairment
• speaking in short sentences • use of accessory muscles in upper chest breathing • decreased breath sounds in mid and lower zones
pathophysiology of O2 movement impairment COPD
• reduced alveolar surface area: decrease gas exchange • leads to air trapping and hyperinflation: flat diaphragm • poor basal ventilation • upper chest breathing pattern and PLB posture • kyphosis and barrel chest
rationale for PLB
• creates back pressure during exhalation -> prevents airway collapse -> improves alveolar ventilation • slows breathing rate and prolongs exhalation -> reduces dynamic hyperinflation -> decrease SOB
rationale for forward lean position
• optimizes length tension of diaphragm • fixes upper limb girdle • may reduce work of breathing and improve oxygenation
rationale of arm bracing on the table
• provides stability and optimizes breathing mechanics • allows better engagement of accessory muscles and reduces overall energy expenditure during breathing
what tools can be used to measure dyspnea
• VAS • modified BORG scale • QOL questionnaires
rationale for PEP
Improves lung volumes Temporarily increases FRC Allows air to move behind secretions PEP cycles should be followed by FET/HUFF/COUGH
describe the relationship between CC and FRC
CC<FRC= normal decreased FRC caused by: supine posture, obesity, age, GA, abdominal pain increased CC caused by: age, smoking, pulmonary oedema
what is closing capacity
volume in the lungs at which its smallest airways (respiratory bronchioles), collapse
what techniques can help with O2 movement
specific positioning (affected lung uppermost) positioning (sitting up, standing)
what techniques can help with secretion movement problem
GAD/ mGAD Huffing ACBT percussion, vibration, PEP
what age does CC > FRC
65
AMI
blood flow to the heart is cut off due to a blockage in the coronary artery
Bronchiectasis
irreversible dilation of the bronchi due to structural airway injury.