5. Antiviral medications

Sub-microscopic pathogen/organism that replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. organism not really

Self-reproducing, single celled organisms

Virus: - Dont carry out metabolic processes - Non-Living - Derive energy from host cell - Needs a living host to multiply - Smaller Bacteria: - Carries out metabolic process - living - Derives energy from metabolic processes - Self-reproducing - Much larger

• Blocks / inhibits neuraminidase/NA/ viral enzyme which allow viruses to pass through cell membrane • Prevent virus from leaving/escaping host cell, thus cannot infect each other • Becomes part of DNA virus which builds DNA • Prevents virus from using cell to multiply / prevents virus from using cells metabolism

• Viruses mutate quickly, adapting to drugs much quicker. • Bacteria are more complex and can be targeted in many ways, whereas viruses lack subunits that can be targeted by antibacterials. • Bacteria can be killed by simple chemical agents, whereas viruses must be targeted on a genetic level.

Orally (not affected by stomach)

Inhalation (low oral bioavailability)

Alkenyl Carboxamide Amine

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) - Ester (hydrolyzes to carboxyl in body) - Ether Zanamivir (Relenza) - Ether - Carboxyl - 3x Hydroxyl (increased solubility in polar solvents)

• HIV mutates • HIV destroys white blood cells and attacks the immune system • Virus has the ability to mutate • Virus makes people vulnerable to infections

• Condom use: Availability / Cost / Cultural resistance Cultural factors: Ignorance / Misinformation / Social Stigma Illegal activities: Drug use / Prostitution Resources / Medical factors: Availability of medical services / Cost of drugs