Oceans
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What percentage of Earth is water?
71%
What is the Northern Hemisphere also called?
land hemisphere
What is the Southern Hemisphere called?
water hemisphere
What are the 4 main ocean basins?
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic
Where is the Southern Ocean?
wraps around Antarctica and connects the oceans
Where did the Pacific Ocean come from?
Pangea’s ocean
What are the defining characteristics of the Pacific Ocean?
largest, deepest, oldest
What are the defining characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean?
1/2 the size of the Pacific, formed when Pangea broke up
What is the defining characteristic of the Indian Ocean?
its barely smaller than the Atlantic Ocean
Where is the Indian Ocean found?
Southern Hemisphere
What is the size of the Arctic Ocean, compared to the Pacific Ocean?
7%
What is salinity?
solid material dissolved in water (saltiness)
How to express salinity?
% per milliliter or ppt (parts per thousand)
What is most salt?
NaCl (table salt-85-86%)
What is the mineral that is salt?
halite
What is the average salinity?
35 ppt (but has declined over time)
Where does sea salt come from?
chemical weathering, volcanic eruptions
What is outgassing?
volcanic eruptions
Is seawater stable?
yes, because material is removed as quickly as it is added
When does salinity increase?
evaporation, formation of sea ice
When does salinity decrease?
precipitation, runoff, melting of glaciers/icebergs
What are the three ocean layers?
shallow surface mixed zone, transition zone, deep zone
What is thermocline?
area of rapid temperature change as depth changes
What is halocline?
area of rapid salinity change as depth changes