C14- The Earth's resources

Those that can be replenished in our lifetime as they are used up. Biofuel, solar energy

Those that can’t be replenished in our lifetime, and will eventually run out. Oil, gas

There is a lot of uncertainty in the calculations so are estimates

In nature Food, timber, fuel

Processed Energy, materials

Wind, rubber, cotton, wood Coal, polyethene, natural gas, oil

Water that is safe to drink (not necessarily pure)

-Choosing appropriate source of fresh water, e.g rivers, lakes -Pass through filter beds to remove undissolved solids -Sterilisation, adding chlorine/ozone or passing through UV light to destroy harmful microbes

Could contain impurities like oil High conc of dissolved salts Could have dissolved toxic chemicals

-Large amount of solid particles e.g soil -High concs of dissolved substances e.g salt -Disease causing microbes e.g bacteria

Desalination Distillation or reverse osmosis -Require large amounts of energy, is expensive

pH= use universal indicator & colour chart Solids= record mass of evaporating basin, add 30cm3 of water sample. Heat over bunsen burner until dry then let cool. Record new mass, calc change in mass which = mass of dissolved solids. Distillation= place water sample in conical flask. Use bung and delivery tube connected to a clamped boiling tube in beaker of ice water. Heat water over bunsen burner until boiling, wait until 1cm3 water in test tube. Then use blue cobalt chloride paper, should turn pink

Sewage- organic matter, harmful microbes Agricultural- organic matter, harmful microbes Industrial- organic matter, harmful chemicals

• Screening- removes large objects and grit • Sedimentation- produces sewage sludge and effluent • Effluent= aerobic biological treatment • Sewage sludge= anaerobic digestion

Effluent- released back into environment, e.g rivers Sludge- used as fertiliser or renewable energy

Displacement–> Scrap iron with copper sulfate Smelting–> Heating copper ore to high temps

Electrolysis–> pure Cu cathode, impure Cu anode. Smaller anode as ions move to shiny cathode. Sludge with unreactive metals at bottom of impure anode Improve electrical conductivity

Phytomining–> Plants grow on land containing copper, absorb copper ions, plants are burnt, ash reacted w acid to make solution Bioleaching–> Bacteria breaks copper and sulfate bonds, forms stronger bonds between copper

Assess environmental impact of the stages in a products life 1. Extraction & processing of raw materials 2. Manufacturing & packaging 3. Use and operation 4. Disposal at end of life -Including transport at each stage

More products in one transport means less energy required

Ore Mined and crushed Melting, electrolysis

Silica Mined and crushed Melted w other things

Iron ore Mined and crushed Smelted with coke

Clay Mined and crushed Shaped, heated in oven