Quiz 3

NS • CNS to efferent signal via motor neuron to muscle • Quick to receive information and quick to respond but the response is short-lived • Neurotransmitters need specific receptors ES • NS to hypothalamus to pituitary gland secretes a hormone to circulatory system • Slower response but longer lasting • Hormones need specific receptors

Intra→ inside the cell Auto → acts on itself (comes out) Para → nearby, neighbor Endo → enters the blood to go far Exo → exits into ducts or outside Endocrine: Internal general secretion Paracrine: Regional activation Autocrine: Self secretion within a cell or adjacent cells (immune system) Exocrine: External secretion on epithelial surface (pheromones)

HYDROPHOBIC Hydrophobic hormones hate water and can cross the lipid bilayer. Steroid hormones Diffuse into the cell and bind to a cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor what allows them to act as TF and change the cell Slower response, effects last longer HYDROPHILIC Hydrophilic hormones love water and can’t cross lipid bilayer. Peptide hormones Amine hormones Bind to receptors activating the second messenger pathways which can then go in the cell and change the cell Faster response, effects last shorter

Derived from Cholesterol Progesterone, Testosterone, Cortisol, Cholesterol, T3/T4

Made of 9 amino acids Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Insulin

Have an aromatic group L-dopa, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland. With the anterior pituitary gland the hypothalamus causes release factors which go to the anterior pituitary gland and have it release hormones. With the posterior pituitary gland, the axons of the hypothalamus extend down to it which causes the release of the hormones at the posterior pituitary gland. Anterior pituitary has tropic hormones Tropic hormones get the cell to release hormones. Hypothalamus releasing hormones . Direct hormones just release hormones that go into the cell.

Follicle (FSH): Female estrogen and progesterone Luteinizing (LH): Male testosterone Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) TSH Somatotropin (growth hormone) Prolactin

Gonadotropic releasing (GNrH) Corticotropic releasing (CRH): Acts on the anti-pituitary gland and causes the release of ACTH. Increases in response to a stressor. Thyroid releasing (TRH) Prolactin stimulates lactation Dopamine: Prolactin inhibitory factor Endorphins Growth hormone Vasopressin (ADH): Antidiuretic hormone

Glucose and negative feedback High blood glucose after a meal is sensed by Pancreas which releases Insulin. It affects the cells by having body cells take up glucose and muscle and liver take up close and store it as glycogen. This decreases blood glucose which sends a signal to shut down the pancreas’s signal to release/make insulin. Low blood glucose after a meal is sensed by Pancreas which releases Glucagon. It affects the cells by having muscle and liver break down glycogen and release glucose. This increases blood glucose which sends a signal to shut down the pancreas’s signal to release/make glucagon.

BIRTH! The nerve impulse from the cervix is transmitted to the brain which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin. Oxytocin is then carried to the uterus and stimulates uterine contractions, pushing the baby toward the cervix. This results in the head of the baby pushing against the cervix which then stimulates more nerve impulses to be sent to the brain.

High blood glucose after a meal is sensed by Pancreas Pancreas releases Insulin. It affects the cells by having body cells take up glucose and muscle and liver take up close and store it as glycogen. This decreases blood glucose which sends a signal to shut down the pancreas’s signal to release/make insulin.

Low blood glucose after a meal is sensed by Pancreas which releases Glucagon. It affects the cells by having muscle and liver break down glycogen and release glucose. This increases blood glucose which sends a signal to shut down the pancreas’s signal to release/make glucagon.

At each step, the hormonal signal is amplified so a small amount of releasing factor leads to a large effect. Positive feedback: Stress signal goes to the hypothalamus which releases Corticotropin. That goes to the anterior pituitary and releases ACTH. That goes to the adrenal cortex and releases cortisol. This goes to the liver and signals it to release Glycogen.

Bulk flow: Ventilation (breathing moves air into and out of lungs) and circulation (O2 and CO2 transported via circulatory system) Diffusion: Across respiratory surface (O2 diffuses from lung into blood and CO2 diffuses out of blood into lungs) and between blood and cells (O2 diffuses from the blood into cells and CO2 diffuses out of cells into blood)

Maximize surface area and work hard to maintain a gradient to facilitate diffusion.

Inhalation: Negative pressure draws air into lungs. The diaphragm contracts which increases chest cavity volume. Exhalation: Positive pressure expels air from lungs. The diaphragm relaxes which decreases chest cavity volume. Never can completely exhale all the gas. It would be more efficient if you could bring in max and exhale max every time.

Primary tube

Carries air to alveoli

Smaller divisions on bronchioles. Where gas exchange occurs by capillary so the circulatory system can take O2/return CO2.

Very small. Contain no nuclei, mitochondria, or cytoplasm. 2 micrometers thick and 7.5 micrometers long. About ¾ of cells in the body. Only about 4% by mass. Made in bone marrow and regulated by the spleen. Each contains 270 million hemoglobin proteins.

Alveolus wall one cell thick Capillary wall one cell thick Total CO2/O2 has to diffuse through 2 cells (alveolus and capillary) Water film on inside of alveolus • Air moves in alveolus • Blood from pulmonary artery is deoxygenated • O2 diffuses in • RBC take up O2 • Carbon dioxide from blood plasma diffuses into alveolus • Oxygenated RBC goes via pulmonary vein back to heart.

Post capillary bed are deoxygenated Pre capillary bed is oxygenated Pulmonary artery is deoxygenated Pulmonary vein is oxygenated High amt CO2 at skeletal muscles after use High amt O2 and low amt CO2 at lungs/trachea High low amt O2 at pulmonary artery

4 subunits (each has Fe): 2 Beta subunit, 2 alpha subunit. Also has Hemegroup (O2 binding site)