Ch. 9

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

Card preview (24)

Front (Question)

What are fossil fuels? (3)

Back (Answer)

• coal • oil • natural gas - supply 80% of world’s energy

Front (Question)

What are reserves?

Back (Answer)

known deposits from which materials can be extracted profitably with existing technology under prevailing economic conditions

Front (Question)

Reserves of Coal

Back (Answer)

remains of plants

Front (Question)

Formation of coal

Back (Answer)

transformed into coal with time, pressure, and heat

Front (Question)

Reserves of oil and gas

Back (Answer)

derived from microscopic marine organisms

Front (Question)

Formation of oil and gas

Back (Answer)

transformed to oil and gas through time, pressure, and heat

Front (Question)

2 types of mining

Back (Answer)

• surface - easier; remove layers of overburden (soil, vegetation, etc.) • subsurface - shafts and tunnels (underground)

Front (Question)

define mountain top removal

Back (Answer)

surface mining; bulldoze top of mountain off

Front (Question)

safety components of subsurface mining (5)

Back (Answer)

• more labor-intensive • time-consuming • support structure • need enough air • flooding/water

#10

Front (Question)

product of combustion of coal

Back (Answer)

air pollutants

#11

Front (Question)

transportation of coal

Back (Answer)

• freight and trains - expensive

#12

Front (Question)

issues related to extraction and use of coal (3)

Back (Answer)

• health and safety issues with mining • transportation • environmental issues

#13

Front (Question)

health and safety issues related to mining coal (2)

Back (Answer)

• explosions 2. black lung disease

#14

Front (Question)

transportation issues related to mining coal (1)

Back (Answer)

• expensive

#15

Front (Question)

environmental issues related to mining coal (4)

Back (Answer)

• landscape disturbance, subsidence (ground starts to sink down) • acid mine drainage - coal = high amount of sulfur with water = sulfuric acid (H2SO4) • air pollution - combustion of coal releases sulfur dioxide gas and water = H2SO4 and acid rain • generates particulates (produces haze and reduces air quality)

#16

Front (Question)

reclaimed mines

Back (Answer)

must replace overburden, cleanup toxins, plants, and return to previous state

#17

Front (Question)

extraction of oil

Back (Answer)

• drilling operations extract oil and bring it to the surface • drilling tower = huge expense • has many wells to try and get as much out of tower as possible

#18

Front (Question)

processing oil

Back (Answer)

crude oil is refined to make many different products

#19

Front (Question)

what happens at oil refineries?

Back (Answer)

oil is heated and elements of crude oil boils, vapors captured and you get oil

#20

Front (Question)

products of processed oil (14)

Back (Answer)

• fuel gas • liquified gas • propane • butane • kerosene • jet fuel • residual fuel • oil and lubricants • petrochemical compounds • gasoline • diesel • furnace • asphalt • coke

#21

Front (Question)

issues of extracting oil (2)

Back (Answer)

• oil spills (pipelines and tankers) • less spills from ’70s to ’00s • air pollution - emissions of CO2 (with all fossil fuels • not as bad as coal

#22

Front (Question)

Extraction of natural gas

Back (Answer)

extraction procedures similar to oil

#23

Front (Question)

transportation of natural gas

Back (Answer)

• difficult - some gas transported as liquified natural gas (LNG)

#24

Front (Question)

environmental issues of natural gas (3)

Back (Answer)

• less environmental impacts than oil or coal 1. little waste production during extraction 2. little possibility of harm during transport (if liquified) 3. combustion produces less air pollutants