HUMAN POPULATION (1) : AP Environmental Exam Studying
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Key Population Facts
World Population: 7.5B US Pop: 326 M China pop: 1.4 B India pop: 1.35 B
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average # of babies that a woman has in a lifetime has declined drastically since 1950 Highest in DEVELOPING countries, lowest in DEVELOPED
Replacement level Fertility Rate (RFR)
How many children a woman needs to replace her and her spouse. Should be 2 but is slightly higher due to infant Mortality Developed countries is 2.1, Developing countries is 2.5+
Crude Birth Rate/Crude Death Rate
of individuals born/dead per 1,000 per year
Demographic Momentum
Population increasing after TFR>RFR due to high pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals
Density Dependent Factors
competition, predation, parasitism
Density Independent Factors
weather, climate, volcanoes, fires, floods
Age structure diagram (or population pyramid)
two-sided histogram for males and females at different age groups. there are three general patterns for the diagrams: Rapidly Expanding , Population Decline , and Stable Population. Age groups: Pre-reproductive (0-14) Reproductive age (15-44) Post-reproductive (45+)
Rapidly Expanding [ Age structure diagram (or population pyramid) ]
BIG at bottom, SMALL at top
Population Decline [ Age structure diagram (or population pyramid) ]
LARGE at top, SMALL at bottom
Stable Population [ Age structure diagram (or population pyramid) ]
STEADY size throughout, a bit smaller on topP
PHASE 1: Pre-Industrial Stage
High CBR and CDR. Population stable.
PHASE 2: Transitional Stage
High CBR but decreasing CDR; rapid rise in human population; - most rapid rate of population increase
PHASE 3: Industrial Stage
Low CDR but increasing CBR ; Population still growing but the growth is slower. Heading towards stabilization
PHASE 4: Post-Industrial Stage
Low CBR and CDR. Population stabilized or in a decline
Population Change Equation
(CBR + I) - (CDR - E)
Doubling Time Equation
70 / Percent Change Note: DO NOT change the percent to a decimal. just drop the % for the equation.
Indicators of a Population’s Health
• Life expectancy • Infant Mortality Help you tell the health at a glance
Factors Affecting Birth Rate
Need of children in workforce Education in women Importance of women in society Access to birth control Religious beliefs in birth control Infant Mortality rate Age of marriage/bearing first child
Factors Affecting Death Rate
Availability/affordability of healthcare Availability of food Weather, volcanoes, floods Safe water supplies
Importance of urbanization
Providing family planning Access to birth control and abortion Providing education and work opportunities
Typical Population Control Strategy
INCENTIVES: through rewards, tax credits, subsidies SANCTION: through penalties Ex: China losing government subsidy EDUCATION: family planning, birth control, condoms