TM: Variable Oxidation States & Redox
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Do transition elements show variable oxidation states
Yes
How is variable oxidiation states utilised in tollen’s reagent to test for an aldehyde
Ag+ in [Ag(NH3)2]+ reduced to Ag. Forms a silver mirror as non charged = solid
What is transition metal redox potential affected by
Ligand pH
How does pH affect redox potential
Alkaline = Easier to oxidise a transition metal = higher redox potential Acidic = Easier to reduce a transition metal = lower redox potential
How does ligands affect redox potential
Higher oxidation state = better oxidising agent = higher redox potential Lower oxidation state = better reducing agent = lower redox potential
Reducing agent in the reduction of ammonium vanadate
Zinc
Conditions in the reduction of ammonium vanadate
Acidic conditions (HCl)
Species present and colour of Vandium successive reductions P.s. You Better Get Vandium
V(+5) = VO2+ = Yellow V(+4) = VO^2+ = Blue V(+3) = V3+ = Green V(+2) = V2+ = Violet
Overall equation of reacting potassium manganate (VII) with iron
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidising agent and acid of potassium manganate reactions
MnO4- Dilute sulfuric acid
Unsuitable acids in potassium manganate
HCl = MnO4- would oxidise 2Cl- to Cl2 and affect the volume of KMnO4 required in the reaction Conc sulfuric / nitric acid = Act as oxidising agents so affect the volume of KMnO4 required in the reaction Ethanoic acid = Weak acid and not provide enough H+ atoms
Why is the potassium manganate self indicating
MnO4- is a purple colour but forms colourless Mn2+ so when a pink colour remains, end point is reached.
Overall reaction of C2O42-
5C2O42- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
Why is the reaction between MnO4- and C2O42- slow?
Both negative ions so repel each other
Why is the reaction between MnO4- and C2O42- have an autocatalysis?
Mn2+ formed as an intermediate which is positive and speeds up the reaction
What is the strongest vanadium reducing agent
V(2+)
How is VO2+ (blue) → V3+ (green)
VO2+ + 2H+ + e− → V3+ + H2O