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A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules An automatic physiological, behavioural, and cognitive reaction to an external or internal event (accompanied by emotional experience and emotionale expression) but this definition is a question mark cause These elements do not always stick together

Emotion is not just one state, but consists of several states

Cognition (i.e. thoughts) Behaviour/action Feeling → emotion (internal, subjective experience– may be difficult to express) Physiological changes Cognitive appraisal - personal significance we give to the emotion - e.g. coping with emotions, intensifying your emotions, past experiences

PURE AUTONOMIC FAILURE - Condition where the autonomic nervous system completely or almost completely ceases activity - strongly impairs feeling the intensity of emotions - People still report emotional experiences, but the feeling aspect is weaker than before - E.g., do not react to changes in heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, etc.

no! People with damage to the right somatosensory cortex = typical autonomic responses to emotional music but little subjective experience People with damage to part of the prefrontal cortex = weak autonomic responses but normal subjective responses

Feelings are in our head/mind Created by thoughts, memories, beliefs, personality, and previous experiences Cannot be measured objectively (they are subjective) Feelings are less intense but can remain for long time Alert us to anticipate danger and prepare us for long-term survival (e.g., imagining facing a lion) E.g., happiness, worry, contentment, bitterness, love, depression, embarrassment, affection

Emotions are physical/in the body (accompanied by physiological changes ) Can be measured objectively; Instinctive/hard-wired in our brains, doesn’t vary between people (e.g., blood flow, brain activity, facial expressions, body language) Created by events and situations (real or imagined) ; neocortex knows its fake, but amygdala takes it as real and creates fear Created by amygdala (irrational part) (and also sits near the neocortex– logical part) When experiencing strong emotions, the brain flow goes away from the neocortex (rational part of brain) and toward the amygdala; cannot think logically Emotions can be very intense but are always temporary (e.g., laughing or crying) Alert us to immediate danger and prepare us for survival (e.g., facing a lion) Determine what we like or don’t like E.g., joy, fear, anger, enthusiasm, lust, surprise, sadness

Emotions come first, feelings come second

Little control over emotions, but lots of control over feelings what can help is detachment from emotion and more focus more on feelings (they’re more prone to change); focusing on the beliefs, memories, and life experiences contributing to those feelings

MOOD a sustained emotional state less intense than emotions, colouring our overall disposition over a more extended period e.g., waking up feeling cheerful and optimistic, leading to a day filled with enthusiasm, or feeling persistently low and melancholdic without a clear cause

Facial expression may impact mood (smiling may increase happiness, frowning may increase unhappiness)

emotions depend on physiological responses - E.g., watching a horror movie in a cold room → shivers → rating the movie scarier than you would have in a warmer room

the autonomic NS, which splits to sympathetic and parasympathetic Sympathetic NS = “fight-or-flight” - increased heart rate, breathing, etc. Parasympathetic NS = “rest and digest” - alert and cautious - saves energy and prepares for later needs - e.g., decreased heart rate

Walter Cannon

yes

myth! everyone feels subjectively different

myth

myth

myth

myth

ALEXITHYMIA - Difficulty identifying and expressing one’s emotions “emotional blindness” / “no word for emotions” Related to reduced insula production (awareness of bodily signal) Disconnect between emotion and experience Most difficulty recognizing emotion when its not related to physiological reactions (recognizing emotions based off physical sensation rather than innate awareness) Most commonly experience anger or nothing

Commonsense theory James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schacter-Singer Two-factor theory Rational emotive theory

Stimulus → Emotion → Physiological response e.g., Snake → Fear → Heart pounding

Stimulus → Physiological reaction → Emotion E.g., Snake → heart pounding/sweating → fear Emotion depends on how you interpret physical sensations