Renal
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Creatinine and chloride increased in the urine levels indicates
Renal dysfunction
Pyelonephritis is
Inflammation and infection of one/both upper urinary tracts - ureter, renal pelvis or the kidneys. The renal pelvis is the funnel like structure that drains urine into the ureter.
Acute Pyelonephritis is usually caused by
ascending infection bacteria start by colonising the lower urinary tract E.coli bacteria and often treated with fluoroquinolone (inhibitors of DNA replication).
Chronic pyelonephritis and recurrent kidney infection
Leads to fibrotic changes, prevents elimination of bacteria, tubular destruction, atrophy/dilation
Glomerulonephritis caused by
Primary injury to glomerulus including immunological disorders, drugs/toxins, infections (viral/bacterial) or ischemia and ROS
Pyelonephritis is also called
Renal dysfunction
Diagnosis of renal dysfunction
Elevated creatinine and blood urea, nitrogen (BUN) loss of h20, Na, k
A UTI
is an infection of the urinary tract (bladder/ureter/kidneys/urether)
Risk factors for pyelonephritis
Female sex, Sexual intercourse, Indwelling catheter, DM, Urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux (urine moves backwards from the bladder)
Vesicoureteral orifice is
the valve between urethra and the bladder only has a one-way opening.
Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis
Fever, nausea/vomitting, Leukocytes increased WBC in blood and urine, Flank pain, increased cretanine and blood urea nitrogen.
Treament of acute pyelonephritis
Anitbiotics - fluroquinolones (inhibit DNA replication)
Complications of Pyelonephritis
Renal abcess or recurrent infections causing chronic pyelonephritis due to atrophy of tubules (papillary necrosis) and fibrous tissue