Ch.16 Organic Synthesis

Make a liquid boil smoothly no large bubbles

Liebig condenser

Doesn’t mix

Adding aqueous sodium carbonate in separating funnel and shaking until no more CO2 bubbles. Hold stoppered funnel upside down and slowly open tap to release any gas pressure aqueous sodium carbonate layer is removed organic layer is washed of any soluble impurities with water

add organic liquid to conical flask spatular a drying agent in and gently swirl to mix contents place stopper to prevent the evaporation of any products leave 10 mins if solid stuck together water is still present add more drying agent until some solid is dispersed into the solution as a fine powder settles at bottom decant liquid from solid into a separate beaker

round bottom/pear shaped flask receiver screw tap adapter condenser still head

pour into separating funnel making sure tap is closed place stopper and invert to mix let layers settle add water the layer that increases in size is the aqueous layer place conical flask under separating funnel remove stopper and open tap until whole of lower layer has left second conical flask to collect remaining layer

. anhydrous calcium chloride - CaCl2 - to dry hydrocarbons . anhydrous calcium sulfate - CaSO4 - general drying . anhydrous magnesium sulfate - MgSO4 - general drying

using a narrower boiling range u can more accurately separate the product from any impurities