Foundations in Chemistry
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What is the relative atomic mass of an electron?
1/1836
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in 1 atom of an element.
Give an equation for the charge on an ion.
number of protons - number of electrons
Define isotopes.
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, so different masses.
What is relative isotopic mass?
The mass of one atom of an isotope compared to 1/12 the mass of one atom of Carbon 12.
What is relative atomic mass?
The weighted mean of the atoms of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of one atom of Carbon 12.
How is relative atomic mass calculated?
(Mass of isotope) x (relative abundance of isotope)… ________________________________________ Sum of relative abundances
What graph does a mass spectrometer produce?
Relative abundance against mass-to-charge ratio
What does the mass to charge ration represent?
The mass of an ion with +1 charge.
How can you interpret a mass spectrometer graph to get relative atomic mass?
Divide the length of each line by the sum of the lengths of all the lines (x100 for %)
Define ‘relative molecular mass’
The mean mass of one molecule of an element or compound compared to 1/12 the mass of Carbon 12
Define ‘relative formula mass’
The mean mass of one formula unit of an element or compound compared to 1/12 the mass of Carbon 12.
When is it better to use relative molecular mass, over Mr?
When dealing with ionic compounds.
Define ‘first ionisation energy’.
The energy required to remove the first electron from every atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms.
What 3 things effect ionisation energy?
Atomic radius, number of protons in nucleus, and number of shielding electrons.
What is the general trend of IE across a period and why?
IE increases across a period, as the number of shielding electrons is constant, but the number of protons increases, and this draws electrons closer, slightly decreasing atomic radius. This means the attraction of electrons to the nucleus increases.
What are the 4 types of orbital?
s,p,d,f
What shape is an s orbital?
spherical
What shape is a p orbital?
dumbbell shaped
Describe the number of electrons and orbitals in the first 4 periods of the periodic table.
1: 1 s orbital, 2 electrons 2: 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 8 electrons 3: 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 8 electrons 4: 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 18 electrons.
What is a subshell?
The set of all the orbital of a particular type in the same valence shell.
What order do subshells fill with electrons.
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 4d
How do electrons fill orbitals of the same energy?
Empty orbitals are filled first.
Nitrate ion
NO3 -