year 1 organic chemistry (alkane, alkene , alcohols ect)
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what reagents are needed to convert an alkene to an alkane
H2 Ni catalyst
what is test for C=C bond
react with Br water, decolourises
what happens during homolytic fission
the pair of electrons is split between the separated atoms when a covelant bond breaks
what happens during heterolytic fission
the pair of electrons is taken by one of the atoms
what factors affect the boiling point of alkanes
no. of electrons, more electrons means stronger temporary dipole lots of branching means less surface contact therefore weaker london forces.
what is a homologous group
family of molecules with same functional group but each successive member differs by CH2
what is meant by aromatic
any compound containing a benzene ring
what is meant by aliphatic
does not contain a benzene ring
what is meant by alicyclic
contains a ring that is not benzene.
why do alkenes exhibit stereoisomerism
Pie bond can’t rotate, each carbon of c=c bond has 2 different groups attached
what reagent is needed to convert an alkene to an alcohol
steam (H2O)(g) and H3PO4 catalyst
why are alcohols with long hydrocarbon tails less miscible with water
hydrocarbon chains can only form London forces with water. Hydrocarbon chains non polar, water is polar
what reagents are needed to turn an alcohol to an alkene, what small product is formed
H2SO4 + heat forms H2O
what reagents are needed to turn an alcohol to a haloalkane
NaBr + H2SO4 —-> NaHSO4 + HBr Br reacts with the alcohol and forms water
what reagents are needed to convert Haloalkane to an alcohol
NaOH (aq)
what can infrared spectroscopy be used for in the real world
monitor gases causing air pollution breathalysers
if each carbon of the c=c has different groups attached, what kind of sterioisomerism does it display
E/Z isomerism (priority rules)
if each carbon of the c=c has one group in common, what kind of sterioisomerism does it display
cis/trans
what is the name given to polymers made from alkenes
addition polymers
what conditions are needed to make addition polymers
heat and high pressure.
what are the 3 properties of CFC’S
unreactive volatile non toxic
what are structural isomers
same molecular formula different structual formula.
what are some limitations of using radical substitution in organic synthesis
• further substitution can occur • produces different termination products • more than one termination step • mixture of products is formed • substitution can occur at different positions along the chain. (must say)
down group 7 does the rate of hydrolysis increase or decrease and why
increase down the group the bond between the carbon and the halogen becomes longer and therefore weaker and so easier to break. . bond becomes longer due to increased atomic radius. OR down the group bond enthalpy decreased