Vitamins & Minerals

regulators of metabolism and involved in antibody synthesis whereby animals acquire immunity to disease

A, D, E, K

B & C

• found in green leafy forages • eye sight • beta carotene converted to vitamin A by enzymes in intestinal walls *stored in liver (4-6 mole/ 90%) • decrease in spermatogenesis and fetal reabsorption

• provided by sunlight • cholecalciferol: animals • ergocalciferol: plants • enhance intestinal absorption and retention of Ca & P in body • rickets & urinary calculi • acts as type of hormone *very little store in body

• tocopherols • intra/intercellular antioxidants *free radical scavengers *prevents oxidation of lipids *associated with selenium • protects cells from phagocytosis • muscular dystrophy

• needed for normal blood clotting • clovers produce dicoumarol (prevent blood clot) • green leafy plants • production by gut bacteria THROMBIN, PROTHROMBIN, FIRBRIN, FIBROMINGIN

• fiber digesting bacteria *not enough fiber (thiamine) *biotin (hair/nails) • cyanocobalamin (meat)

• prevents polioencephalamalacia

• vitamin B1 found in whole grains and starchy roots *coenzyme A needed in Krebs Cycle

Micro / Macro

• Calcium (bones/muscular contraction) • Potassium (body regulation fluid) • Phosphorus (bones) • Magnesium *Sodium *Sulfur *Chlorine

*Iron (blood/oxygen) * Iodine (thyroid) * maganese * copper (hair color) * cobalt * zinc * molybdenum (Molly binds copper) * selenium * chromium

*sodium and chloride *mature animals consume 0.25-0.50 oz/day * free choice * good way to medicate

• development of skeleton • Ca metabolic problems (tetanus/ urinary calculi)

High in Ca low in P

High in P and low in Ca

*skeletal maintenance/ enzyme systems

• lush pastures with fast growing forage • low blood mg • convulsion, salivation, and mouth frothing

Intracellurar fluids, osmotic pressure * Low K causes listlessness and stiffness * grazing animals are rare to have this problem * most problem seen in feeding areas

*most needed in wool producing animals *flame resistant * disulfide bridges accosted with fiber growth * Molly + Sulfur bind with copper *methionine, cysteine, b vitamins thiamine and biotin

• problem with high urea feeds (N:S ratio) • toxicity problems • dietary interaction with MO and Cu • Mo and Cu bonding decreases utilization

• needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones • goiter is a sign of deficiency (swelling under jaw & iodized salt eliminates problems)

• nervous system, pigmentation of skin • sheep need 7-11 ppm • goats need 10-25 ppm • cattle/swine 15-20 ppm