Heat, Temperature and Global Systems
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What is the difference between heat and temperature?
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a system’s particles. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy.
What are the freezing points of water on the Celsius and Kelvin scales?
0°C and 273 K.
What happens to the particles in a solid when it is heated?
They gain kinetic energy (vibrating more) and potential energy (expanding and separating).
What is the difference between thermal conductors and insulators?
Conductors transfer heat easily (e.g., metals), whereas insulators do not transfer heat easily (e.g., polystyrene).
Define “conduction”.
Heat transfer where energy is passed through direct contact and vibrating particles, without a net movement of the particles themselves.
Define “convection”.
Heat transfer occurring in fluids (liquids and gases) driven by circulation: hotter, less dense fluid rises while cooler, denser fluid sinks.
Define “radiation” (in terms of heat).
The transfer of heat via electromagnetic waves; it is the only method that does not require a physical medium to travel.
Identify the method of heat transfer when your feet get hot walking on beach sand.
Conduction.
Identify the method of heat transfer when boiling water in an electric kettle.
Convection.
Identify the method of heat transfer when your back feels warm sitting in the sun.
Radiation.
How do “sea breezes” form during the day?
The land warms faster than the water. Air over the land heats and rises, and cooler air from over the water is drawn inland to replace it.
How do “land breezes” form at night?
The land cools faster than the water. Warmer air over the water rises, and cooler air from the land sinks and flows outwards to replace it.