Lecture 1 - historical
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What are the 2 levels of anaylsis of Bio Psych?
Generalisation - Observations become general laws - e.g. cc Reductionism - Simple terms explain complex phenomena - e.g. molecular processes
what were the egyptians ideas about the mind?
Preserved all the organs, but not the brain, didnt think it was important
What were india + chinas ideas about the mind
Heart was seat of thought and emotions - It changes with emotions
What were the Bible + New Testaments ideas about the mind?
No mention of brain, but argued: Heart = passion Stomach = Courage Bowels = Pity
What are the 5 important figures in ancient greece
Hippocrates Plato Aristolte Herophilius Galen
What were Hippocrates ideaas about the mind
Brain is responsible for remtoion, thinking, perceiving, ethics and judgement. Didnt think the gods created illness, thought it was the imbalance of the 4 humours
What were Plato’s ideas about the mind?
Rejected humours. Argued soul has 3 parts 1) Reason and perception in the head 2) Noble passions (courage/pride) in heart 3) Base passions (greed/lust) in liver
What were Herophilius ideas about the mind?
Father of anatomy Dissected bodies and animals Found that each body region is connected to seperate nerves - linking to spine
What were Galens ideas about the mind?
Father of medicine Treated injured gladiators Saw how certain brain injuries lead to loss of certain abilities Dissections - conluced that the brain is the organ of sensation and voluntary movement
What were Hippocrates 4 humours?
Blood, Black Bile, Yellow bile, Phlegm
What were Aristotles 4 sources of happiness?
Hedone (sensourous pleasure) Dialogike (logical investigation) Propraitari (Acquiring assets) Ethikos (moral virtue)
What were Galens 4 temperaments
Sanguine melancholic Choleric Phlegmatic
What were the point of Galens temperaments?
Bodily dispositions that determined a persons behaviour and susceptibility to disease. Affected by food, seasons, blood letting
Who were the 2 important people in the Renaissance
Da Vinci and Descartes
What was Da Vinci’s contribution to this?
Studied anatomy - drew nerves in arm and ventrices in brain
What was Descartes contribution?
Cartesian Dualism - Argued the body and soul met in the pineal gland. And that the pineal glad causes fluid to flow into nerves, causing muscles to move. He argued we move via nervous activity flowing to the brain and back to muscles - automatic reflex, without the brain
Who was the key figure in end of 17thC - mid 18thC?
Dr Thomas Willis
what were the key ideas in end of 17thC - mid 18thC?
Electricity Brain seen as a electric generator, nerves were wires and electrical fluid flowed
What did Thomas Willis do?
Descriptions on structure, blood circulation in brain, and brain disorders - “Brain is the organ that controls and co-ordinates behaviour”
Who did experiments in 18th C?
Johannes Müller and Luigi Galvanis
What did Johannes Müller do?
‘Doctrine of Specific Nerve energies’ - although nerves carry same signals, they convey different messages as they end in different parts of brain
What did Luigi Galvanis do ?
Electrically stimulated amputated frogs leges, made them move independently of brain
Who pioneered Phrenology/
Franz Gall
What did Franz Gall do?
Phreonology - by feeling areas of the skull - you can feel which areas are for specific behaviours. 1st instance of Localisation of function