Biological Explanations: Genetic and Neural Explanations

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

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Front (Question)

Lange date

Back (Answer)

1930

Front (Question)

Lange studied

Back (Answer)

13 MZ and 17 DZ twins where one of the twins had been sent to prison

Front (Question)

Lange - ten of the MZ twins had a co-twin who was also in prison but

Back (Answer)

this was only true for two of the DZ twins

Front (Question)

Crowe date

Back (Answer)

1972

Front (Question)

Crowe found that adopted children who had a biological parent with a criminal record had a

Back (Answer)

50% greater risk of a criminal record by the age of 18

Front (Question)

Crowe also found that adopted children whose mother didn’t have a criminal record only had a

Back (Answer)

5% risk

Front (Question)

Tiihonen et al

Back (Answer)

2014

Front (Question)

Tiihonen et al conducted a genetic analysis of

Back (Answer)

900 offenders

Front (Question)

Tiihonen et al found

Back (Answer)

two genes that may be associated with violent crime

#10

Front (Question)

what are the two genes that Tiihonen et al identified?

Back (Answer)

The MAOA gene. The CDH13 gene.

#11

Front (Question)

having a weakness in both the MAOA gene and the CDH13 gene led to individuals being

Back (Answer)

13 times more likely to have a history of violence

#12

Front (Question)

if genes have an influence on offending,

Back (Answer)

this influence is likely to be at least partly moderated by environmental factors

#13

Front (Question)

a tendency to criminal behavior may come about through a combination of

Back (Answer)

Genetic predisposition. A biological or psychological stressor or trigger

#14

Front (Question)

antisocial personality disorder

Back (Answer)

there may be neural differences in the brains of criminals and non-criminals

#15

Front (Question)

antisocial personality disorder is associated with

Back (Answer)

Lack of empathy

#16

Front (Question)

many criminals suffer with

Back (Answer)

antisocial personality disorder

#17

Front (Question)

Raine et al date

Back (Answer)

2000

#18

Front (Question)

Raine et al found an

Back (Answer)

11% reduction in the volume of grey matter in the in the prefrontal cortex of people with antisocial personality disorder compared to a control

#19

Front (Question)

the prefrontal cortex controls

Back (Answer)

emotional behavior

#20

Front (Question)

Keysers date

Back (Answer)

2011

#21

Front (Question)

Keysers found that only when criminals were asked to emphesise

Back (Answer)

they showed an empathy reaction

#22

Front (Question)

because antisocial personality disorder do show emotions

Back (Answer)

this shows that sufferers are capable of emotion but they have a switch which turns them on and off

#23

Front (Question)

in a normal functioning brain, the switch is always

Back (Answer)

#24

Front (Question)

Lange research was

Back (Answer)

poorly controlled