3.2 - Physical Chemistry
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Define enthalpy
The thermal energy stored in a chemical system
Define enthalpy change
The heat energy transferred in a reaction at constant pressure
What are the standard conditions?
298K and 100KPa
Why do we use standard conditions?
• To make meaningful calculations
How do we convert from kPa to Pa?
Multiply by 1000
Describe the graph of an exothermic reaction?
• Goes from high to low (reactants have a higher enthalpy than products) - Products are more stable than reactants - Enthalpy change is negative
Describe the graph of an endothermic reaction?
• Goes from low to high (products have a higher enthalpy than reactants) - Reactants are more stable than reactants - Enthalpy change is positive
On an exothermic/endothermic enthalpy graph, how can you show enthalpy change?
It is the direct difference between reactants and products
Define activation energy?
The minimal amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place
On an exothermic/endothermic enthalpy graph, how can you show activation energy?
The difference between the HIGHEST point of the activation energy and the enthalpy of reactants
Give an example of an exothermic reaction
Oxidation
Give an example of an endothermic reaction
Photosynthesis
Define enthalpy change of formation
The enthalpy change when one mole of compound is formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions
Define enthalpy change of combustion
The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions
Define enthalpy change of neutralisation
The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced when an acid and alkali react under standard conditions
What is meant by standard states
Physical states under standard conditions
What formula do we use to determine enthalpy change directly from experimental results?
q = mcΔT q = Heat loss OR gained (joules) m = Mass of water in the colorimeter (grams) c = Specific heat capacity of water (4.1.8J/grams/Kelvin) ΔT = Change in temperature (Kelvin)
What does the q stand for in q = mcΔT?
Enthalpy change (measured in joules)
What does the m stand for in q = mcΔT?
Mass of water (measured in grams)
What does the c stand for in q = mcΔT?
Specific heat capacity ( 4.18 J/grams/Kelvin)
What does the ΔT stand for in q = mcΔT?
Change in temperature (measured in Kelvin)
When using q = mcΔT how can we find ΔH?
ΔH = Q/number of moles
When using ΔH = Q/number of moles, what must we be careful about?
Whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. If its exothermic add a negative in front of Q, if it’s endothermic leave it positive