organic chemistry

C-C single bonds

a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

methane, ethane, propane, butane

the shorter the carbon chain the more runny the hydrocarbon is, they have lower boiling points and is more flamable

hydrogen + oxygen –>carbon dioxide + water

a fossil fuel

crude oil is non-renewable because i is made up from remains that died millions of years ago and were burried in mud which over millions of years and high temperature the remains turn into crude oil. this takes so long that it is used up faster than it can be made so it is finite / non-renewable

fractional distillation

the oil is heated until most of it is turnd into gas which then enters a fractionalising column. the column has a temperature gradient (its hot at the bottom and cools at the top). the longer hydrocrabons have hiuguh boiling points and condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on when theyre near the bottom. short hydrocarbons have low boiling points which condense and drain much later on, near to the top of the column where its cooler. you end up with crude oil mixture seperated into different fractions

Chemists can develop and adapt processes that use lower amounts of finite resources and reduce damage to the environment. For example, chemists have developed catalysts that reduce the amount of energy required for certain industrial processes

Copper is a finite resource and its sustainability can be improved by extracting it from low - grade ores (ores without much copper)

Bacterua is used to convert copper compounds in the ore into solube copper compounds seperatin the copper from the ore in the process. The leachate ( the solution produced by the process) contains copper ions which can be extracted by disaplacement.

Involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. The plants cant use or get rid of the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. The plants dan be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. The ash contains soluble copper compounds from which copper can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron

Use much less energy than is needed to mine and extract a new metal Conserves the finite amount of each metal in the earth Cuts down on the amount of waste getting sent to landfill

By melting them and then casting them into shape of the new product

Used to extract iron from its ore at a high temperature using carbon

By reducing the amount of energy needed to make new glass products By reducing the amount of waste created when used glass is thrown away

Glass is crushed and then melted to be reshaped

They show the total environmental impacts