Chapter 1
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Psychology is the study of
mental processes and behaviour
What are mental processes?
activities of our brain when engaged in thinking, observing the environment and using language
What is behaviour?
observable activities of an organism
what are the four goals of psychology?
description, explanation, prediction, control
when studying why a certain behaviour or mental process occurs, one can study the influences of:
the brain, the individual and the group
What is analyzed in the brain?
how brain structure and brain activity differ from person to person and situation to situation
What is analyzed in the person
How the content of the individual’s mental processes form and influence behaviour
What is analyzed in the group?
how behaviour is shaped by the social and cultural environments
Philosophy is the study of
knowledge and the reality
How did philosophy lead to modern day scientific theory?
philosophers posed questions and then discussed proposed solutions
who used direct observation to test his theory of medicine?
hippocrates
Hippocrates developed one of the first psychological theories:
physical and psychological health are influenced by the four humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. This identified a persons character and he identified the brain as organ of mental life
socrates believed truth lies in mind and is
highly dependent upon subjective states
plato believed certain areas are…
pure and represent an ultimate reality
aristotle wrote about
sensations, dreams, sleep and learning
spiritual view was replaced by world based on mathematics and mechanics between centuries
1400 and 1600
Wilhelm Wundt was considered to be the
father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt established the first..
psychology lab in 1879
Wilhelm Wundt started a branch of psychology called …. where he studied…
voluntarism, consciousness
What is structuralism
an attempt to try to identify all of the basic elements of consciousness.
What method does structuralism use?
introspection
Edward Thitchener was a student of Wundt who formed the school of
structuralism in the US
What is functionalism?
the belief that mental processes were fluid (stream of consciousness) instead of fixed elements as structuralists thought
Functionalism emphasized the functions of the mind in
adapting to a changing environment