3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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Structural formula
Shows how the atoms in a molecule are arranged
Fully displayed formula
Shows all the atoms and bonds in a molecule
Skeletal formula
Shows the shape of the carbon skeleton
Homologous series
A family of compounds containing the same functional group and general formula, but having a different carbon chain length
Why are members of the same homologous series chemically similar?
The have the same functional group
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms which give an organic compound its particular chemical properties
Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only
Saturated hydrocarbons
Contains single C-C bonds only
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Contains one or more C=C or C≡C bonds
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Contains chains
Alicyclic hydrocarbons
Contains rings
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Contains benzene rings
Nomenclature
A system of naming compounds
Isomers
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
Three categories of structural isomers
• Chain isomers • Position isomers • Functional group isomers
Chain isomers
Have the same molecular formula but the hydrocarbon chains are arranged differently
Position isomers
Have the same functional group in different positions
Functional group isomers
Have the same molecular formula but a different functional group
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
Two categories of stereoisomers
• E/Z or geometric isomers • Optical isomers