Training Methods
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Explain physiological responses that occur when an athlete performs a warm-up.
Increase in HR & cardiac output Increase in body temperature/localised muscle temperature/joints/synovial fluid Capillaries dilate with oxygenated blood Greater speed & force of contraction due to high speed of nerve transmission
Describe physiological adaptations that occur as a result of regular anaerobic training
Increased lactic acid tolerance, body more efficient at utilising lactic acid Increased capacity to remove lactic acid Increased strength of ligaments Increased strength of bones/tendons
Identify the difference between a response and an adaptation.
Response: are changes that occur quickly and are temporary Adaptation: take longer to occur and are more permanent
Describe adaptations of the respiratory system in response to regular aerobic training.
Alveoli – number of alveoli in lungs increase to enable more gas exchange to occur Respiratory Muscles – strength & endurance of diaphragm & intercostal muscles improves - improved ability to breathe in more oxygen for longer, with less fatigue Capillarisation in lungs – more capillaries formed in lungs over time allowing more blood to flow in & out. Improves uptake of oxygen - greater surface area of blood to bind with haemoglobin
Identify and explain factors which may affect an athlete’s maximal oxygen consumption
Training – VO2 max can only be improved by 10–20% following training, depending on athlete’s lifestyle & fitness levels Gender – due to physiological differences, women have lower VO2 max than men. Male hearts & lungs generally larger than females. Amount of blood athlete’s heart can pump partially determines VO2 max Physiology – physiological make-up of athlete’s body will almost certainly affect VO2 max Physiological factors that contribute to higher VO2 max score = high % of slow twitch (type 1) muscle fibres, high capillary density, high mitochondrial density & myoglobin. Genetics – research states genetics can play 20–30% role in VO2 max. Body Composition – research shows VO2 max scores decrease as percentage of body fat increases Much of difference between male & female athletes attributed to body composition Environment – altitude - Lower air pressure makes oxygen less available in higher altitude. Pressure of O2 in arterial blood also decreases at altitude, lowering VO2 max.
Describe the muscle fibre adaptations athletes will experience following prolonged exposure to continuous training methods
Slow twitch fibres Good at working with O2 Resistant to fatigue Support sub-maximal contractions, e.g. endurance based athletes,runners, cyclist, long distance swimmers