Chapter 3 Outline-Animal reproduction
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What are the three parts to the male reproductive system
• Testicles • secondary sex glands and organs • external copulatory organ
What is needed in order to measure reproductive efficiency
• litter size • calving rate • days open: 3 months open for a cow to get pregnant • eggs hatched
What are the two vital functions of the testicles
• production of male reproductive cells, spermatozoa or sperm. • production of male hormone: testosterone
What is the function of the testicles
To transport the spermatozoa from the site of formation to be deposited into the female tract
What does the testes consist of
• epididymis • vas deferens • secondary sex glands(3 glands)
What are the four functions of the epididymis
• transport • maturation • storage • concentrates sperm: 4 billion per mL
What is the function of the vas deferens
Transport
What is the function if then glands and what are the three different glands
Glands produce bulk of fluid • seminal vesicles • Cowper’s glands • prostate gland
What is the process that the external copulation organ goes through
-during excitation Sigmoid flexure: must straighten to mate female, S shaped curve of the penis -following copulation Retractor penis muscle: takes penis back in for protection
Where do the testes need to be at the right temperature
The scrotum
What happens in the scrotum
-spermatogenesis: process of taking a round cell to a sperm, takes 6-8 weeks, required cooler temperature
What is the function of the Inguinal canal
Small opening in the body cavity where the testes descend through to reach the scrotum
What is cryptorchidism.
This is when 1 or both testes don't descend into scrotum and it is a genetically tied trait. -One testes- unilateral Reproductively impaired -two testes- bilateral Sterile
When do the female and male reproductive systems become functional
They do not become functional until puberty- age at sexual maturity
How is puberty defined in the male
• the ability to produce viable sperm and a desire to mate - influenced by the hormone, testosterone
What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function and where does it come from
• released by the anterior pituitary - required for spermatogenesis(sperm production)
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do and where does it come from
• released by the anterior pituitary - stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes
Explain puberty in females
• 1 month of age: follicles start to appear on the ovaries • estrous cycle: 5 to 14 months of age( depends on species) • age at which puberty occurs varies with the species and breed
What happens at first estrus
-first estrus sometimes produces no egg -estrus is caused by the hormone estrogen and influenced by: Weight, age, and body fat -acceptance of the male -occurrence of ovulation
What is the percent body weight in which puberty occurs for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and sheep
• Dairy cattle- 30 to 40% of adult weight • Beef cattle- 45 to 55% of adult weight • Sheep- 40 to 50% of adult weight
What is the function of the ovaries
• produce ovum or egg - produce hormones( estrogen and progesterone)
What are the ovaries homologous with
• the male testes - they remain in the body cavity near the kidneys and do not descend
What does monotocous mean and give some examples
It means to give birth to one young at each gestation period - one ovum is produced each estrous cycle Ex: cow, mare, and ewe
What does polytocous mean and give an example
-litter bearing animals The sow: the female produces 10 to 25 ova in each cycle and gives birth to several young each gestation period