Quantam Mechanics

The Rutherford model did explain what kept the -e’s from crashing into the the nucleus

the normal configuration for an atom. all e-s are at their lowest possible energy state

when energy is added to an atom through heat or electricity some electrons jump up to higher energy levels

when electrons go into higher levels but don’t stay there

when the electrons go back to the ground state and it releases energy. and it does this in the form of light. we call this a photon

electromagnetic wave

radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray radio is the largest wavelength, gamma is the smallest, radio has the least hertz gamma and the most

2x10 to the power of 8 m/s

the distance from crest to crest or trough to trough (measured in nm)

the number wave lengths that pass per second (hertz- hz)

speed= wavelength x frequency

c= speed of light (m/s) λ= wavelenght n/m f or v= frequency formula for the speed of a wave

showed that we could not know the speed and location of e’s at the same time (uncertainty principle)

came up with the equation to show where the electrons could be along paths called wave functions

light can also behave like a particle as it does in the photoelectric effect but it can also behave like a wave

when the light of certain frequencies shines on a metal, electrons are emitted

the photo-electric effect

a set of 4 characters that describe the properties of each electron (every electron has its own 4-character code)

an orbital is a 3-dimensional space around the nucleus that indicates the location of an e 90% of the time

-symbolized by n=1,2,3 etc… -indicates the main energy level -occupied by the e (also called the shells) -as n increases distance from the nucleus increases

• symbolized by l=s,p,d,f or g hypothetically -indicates the shape of the orbital -different orbitals within the same energy levels called sublevels -the max number of sublevels (orbital shapes) in an energy level equals the principal quantum number n

-within sublevels, these are the orbitals -indicates the orientation of the orbital around the nucleus -each orientation can hold two e’s -there are n squared orbitals per energy level

a circle

two ovals coming out from the center