Final

-a freely interbreeding group of individuals living together in time and space

sum of genetic info present in a population

a morphological, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral characteristics of an individual organism

the underlying make up of phenotypes

a site on a chromosome (or the gene that occupies the site)

an alternate form/ version of a particular gene/ locus

the relative proportion of a particular allele @ a single locus in a population (b/w 0-1)

-dependent events -both cannot occur (1+6 + 1/6)= 1/3 -1 or 2

2

1.) frequency of alleles doesn’t change from generation to generation (frequency doesn’t evolve) 2) offspring genotype frequencies can be predicted from the parent allele frequencies

1) no selection 2) no mutation 3) no gene flow or migration 4) no genetic drift (large population)(exchange of genes) 5) random mating

evolution

no total genomic HWE is exceptionally rare

1) a random mating population w no external forces acting on it will reach the genotype equilibrium 2)any disturbance of the allele frequencies leads to a new equilibrium after random mating 3) amt. of variation is maximized when gene frequencies are intermediate

in heterozygotes

1) compute genotype frequencies from generation to generation, even w selection 2) serves as a null model in tests for natural selection, nonrandom mating, etc, by comparing observed to expected genotype frequencies 3) forensic and disease analysis 4) expected heterozygosity- provides a useful means of summarizing the molecular genetic diversity in natural populations

polymorphism- proportion of loci w more than 1 allele in pop heterozygosity- proportion of heterozygotes in a pop. at a SINGLE locus OR proportion of loci heterozygous in an individual genome

-we are in HWE -would expect sample of this size to show this much departure (or more) from expectations less than 5% of time

enzymes used as molecular markers to assess different alleles (show high heterozygosity) previously thought that pop wouldnt be variable because 2 allele would grant “best” fitness

the randomness due to punnet squares

cause allele frequencies of population to change - powerful mechanism for small pop. really quickly -leads to gene flow which tends to homogenize allele frequencies (populations) -> stops process of speciation.

-direct violation of hw because violates random mating due to consanguineous relationships -causes deficit of heterozygote -selfing is most extreme form of inbreeding