biology 2

• uses ATP to move substances against concentration gradient

• direct use of ATP • ex: sodium potassium pump

when a cell uses energy that was already stored in an ion gradient (usually sodium). The cell does NOT use ATP directly, but it uses the gradient created by ATP. 1. symport - move in the same direction 2. antiport - move in opposite directions

• types of active transport using vesicles

• are proteins that form pores for specific ions/molecules • move substances down concentration gradient (so passive) • they allow fast movement of ions and water

• aquaporins • ion Chanels - voltage gated - ligand gated - mechanically gated

• water channels for osmosis

open with electrical changes

open when something binds

open when stretched or pushed

• vesicle fuses w membrane • releases content outside of cell

• waste removal • sending out proteins/hormones • adding new membrane components

• cell brings material in by forming vesicles 1. pinocytosis 2. phagocytosis 3. receptor mediated endocytosis

• cell drinking • takes in fluid + solutes • non specific

• cell eating • takes in large particles (bacteria, cell debris) • used by immune cells

• highly specific • uses receptors to bring in certain molecules like LDL cholestrol

• has ribosomes on the surface • makes proteins to be 1. exported from cell 2. inserted into the membrane 3. sent to organelles • sends proteins to Golgi for packaging

• no ribosome • makes lipids -detoxifies drugs • stores calcium (especially in muscle)

• it is folded and modified

• it gets recycled

• the protein becomes a glycoprotein

• powerhouse because it makes ATP

• outer membrane - barrier, contains porins (channels) • inner membrane - highly folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production

• space between outer and inner membranes • important for building the proton gradient used in ATP production