Cell Division and Inheritance
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Name the functions of the nucleus
• Control cellular structure • Directs cellular activities • Produces ribosomes
Name the common features of a cellular structure
Cell membrane Nucleus DNA/genetic material endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondria Gogli apparatus Ribosomes
Define the term alleles
Alternative versions of a gene
Define the term homozygous alleles
Have identical information for a trait
Define the term heterozygous alleles
Have different information for a trait
What are the two types of cell division?
• Somatic - Reproductive
Describe Somatic cell division
Aim to replicate cells to replace dead or injured cells or add new cells during tissue growth (Occurs through mitosis and cytokinesis)
Describe reproductive cell division
Aim to produce the gamete cells (Sperm & oocyte) required for the next generation (Occurs through meiosis)
For somatic cell division, include the end products, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs
• The end result is 2 daughter cells • 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) • Occurs all the cells of the body except for the germ line • Mitosis (Genetically identical)
For reproductive cell division, include the end products, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs
• The end result is four daughter cells called haploid cells • Contains 23 chromosomes • Occurs in the gonads, In males, it occurs in the testes and in females it occurs in the ovaries • Meiosis (Genetically variable)
What are the three main stages of somatic cell division?
• Interphase • Mitosis • Cytokinesis
What are the cell processes through interphase include?
• Metabolism (Cellular respiration, protein synthesis) • Duplication (replication) of chromosomes • Cell growth (protein synthesis) • Production of more organelles in preparation for cell division
Explain how genetic variation occurs
Crossing over increases genetic variation which occurs during meiosis 1 and it is the exchange of genes between homologous (paired) chromosomes
Define cancer
Group of diseases that results from uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation (to grow by rapid production). Uncontrolled cell division results in excess tissue called a tumour (or neoplasm)
Define Malignant tumours and Benign tumours
• Malignant tumours undergo metastases (The spread of cancerous cells to other part of the body) • Benign tumours do not metastasise (Not cancerous, They do not spread)
What type of cancer arises from epithelial tissue?
Carcinoma
What type of cancer arises from Melanocytes?
Melanoma
What type of cancer arises from lymphatic tissue?
Lymphoma
What type of cancer arises from leukocytes?
Leukaemia
What is the process of Interphase?
• Replication of DNA • Duplication of chromosomes • Metabolism (eg cellular respiration, protein synthesis Production of more organelles)
How is interphase reached?
• Cell grows, replicates the DNA and prepares for mitosis - 2 complete and identical DNA molecules produced.
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
• Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase
What is mitosis?
• The four stages result in the division of the nucleus. - Process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)
State three causes of cancer
• Environmental agents (Chemical and radiation) • These chemicals or radiation are called carcinogens and include: □ Cigarette Tar, radon gas, UV light • Viruses - Eg. HPV causes cervical cancer by stimulating abnormal proliferation of cells • Genes - Abnormalities of the genes that control and regulate cell division