Ch. 1 - Characteristics... Of Living Organisms (Kingdoms)

Eukaryotic cells are multicellular organism which have a: 1. Proper Defined Nucleus 2. Defined Organelles

Prokaryotic cells are cells that: 1. Have no true nucleus 2. No well defined organelles 3. No defined nucleus

There are five kingdoms into which all living organisms are classified. • The Animal Kingdom • The Plant Kingdom • The Fungi Kingdom • The Protista Kingdom • The Prokaryote Kingdom

• Heterotrophs • Eukaryotic (and thereby multicellular) • Can be cold or warm blooded • Cells: No cell wall, has a centriole and a small vacuole as compared to plants • Reproduce sexually • Further classified into vertebrates and invertebrates

Vertebrates (complex nervous systems, presence of backbone) - Mammals, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Amphibians Invertebrates (simple nervous systems, no backbone) - Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, Myriapods

• Presence of Fur/Hair on the skin • Ear flap (pinna) on the outside of the body • Warm blooded • Give birth (presence of uterus and placenta) • Presence of Mammary Glands • Presence of Diaphragms aside from that, a less important feature: 7. Have a heart with 4 chambers

• Have scaly skin • Presence of gills (for breathing) • Presence of fins • Lay eggs without shells in water

• Have scaly skin • Lay eggs with soft shells • Lay shells on land

• Presence of skin but not scales • Lay eggs in water with no shells • Tadpoles live in water while adults live on land • Tadpoles have gills, adults have lungs

• Have feathers (and somethings even have scales) • Have a beak • Two front limbs are wings (though not all can fly) • Lay eggs with hard shells

Animals with jointed legs but no backbones. Instead, they have a waterproof exoskeleton on the outside of their body. 4 main groups: 1. Insects 2. Arachnids 3. Crustaceans 4. Myriapods

• Arthropods with three pairs of jointed legs • Two pairs of wings • Breathe through tubes known as ‘tracheae’ • Body is divided into three segments: head, thorax and the abdomen • One pair of antennae

• Arthropods with four pairs of jointed legs • Breathe through tubes known as ‘tracheae’ • Body is divided into two segments: cephalothorax and abdomen • No antennae

• Arthropods with more than four pairs of jointed legs • Two pairs of antennae

• Consists of many similar segments • Each segment of their body has jointed legs • One pair of antennae

• Autotrophs • Eukaryotic (and thereby multicellular) • Cells: presence of cell wall (made of cellulose), often has a chloroplast and a large central vacuole • Feed by photosynthesis • Mostly have stems, leaves and roots (some don’t have these organs)

• Have roots, stems and leaves (fronds) • Do not produce flowers • Reproduce via spores produced on the undersides of their fronds

• Have roots, stems and leaves • Reproduce via flowers and seeds • Their seeds are produced inside an ovary • Divided into two main groups: dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

Monocots: 1. Seeds with one cotyledon 2. Roots grow directly from the stem 3. Leaves have parallel veins 4. Flower parts in multiples of three 5. Vascular bundles in the stem, arranged randomly Dicots: 1. Seeds with two cotyledons 2. Usually have a main root with side roots coming out from it 3. Network of veins 4. Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 5. Vascular bundles in the stem, arranged in a ring

• Eukaryotes • Heterotrophic organisms • Usually multicellular (filamentous) but can be unicellular (e.g., yeast) • Have cell walls but made of chitin • Do not have chlorophyll • Reproduce via spores (sometimes via binary fission) • decomposers

• The fruiting body contains spores, which are unicellular bodies • The main body is made up of microscopic threads known as Hyphae • These Hyphae tangle together to form Mycelium

• Diverse kingdom of eukaryotic organisms (unicellular) • Some are multicellular • Can be autotrophs, heterotrophs or microtrophs (both) • Have a membrane bound nucleus • No cell wall, only cell membrane

• No nucleus • No defined membrane-bound organelles • DNA is present in the cytoplasm, in the form of circular loops • The circular loops are known as plasmids - only in bacteria

• Tiny particles of genetic code (DNA and RNA) that are wrapped in a protein coat • They are not truly alive as they only follow one of the MRS. GREN processes, reproduction, which they can only do if they are in a cell. • The move through air and water, spreading through hosts. NO LOCOMOTION