Chapter 3: Bonding and Chemical Interactions

Which element? ____________ can only have 2 valence electrons.

Which elements? ________ and ____________ bond to attain 2 and 4 valence electrons, respectively.

Which element? ________ bonds to attain 6 valence electrons.

All elements in period ____ and greater can expand the valence shell to include more than 8 electrons by incorporating the ____-orbitals.

An ________________ octet can occur in elements that are stable with fewer than 8 electrons in their valence shell, and include hydrogen (2), helium (2), lithium (2), beryllium (4), and boron (6).

An ________________ octet can occur in any element in period 3 and greater; they can hold more than 8 electrons. This includes phosphorus (10), sulfur (12), chlorine (14), and many others.

Any molecules with an odd number of valence electrons (can/cannot?) distribute those electrons to give 8 to each atom - cannot achieve the octet rule.

Which 6 elements almost always abide the octet rule?

In ________ bonding, 1+ electrons from a low IE element are transferred to an atom with high electron affinity. typically metal to nonmetal

What holds ionic bonds together? This type of attraction creates ________ structures consisting of repeating rows of cations and anions, rather than individual molecular bonds.

In ____________ bonding, an electron pair is shared between 2 atoms, typically nonmetals, that have similar values of electronegativity.

The degree to which the pair of e- is shared (un)equally between 2 atoms determines the degree of ____________.

If the e- pair is shared equally, the bond is ____________. If unequally, the bond is ________. If both of the shared electrons are contributed by only one of the 2 atoms, the bond is called ________________ ____________.

Unlike ionic crystal lattices, covalent compounds consist of what?

________ bonds form between atoms that have significantly different electronegativies.

Atoms that lose electrons are ________, atoms that gain electrons are ________.

Electrons are not ________ in an ionic bond, but rather ________________.

What value? For electron transfer to occur, the difference in electronegativity should be greater than ____ on the Pauling scale.

Because of the strength of electrostatic forces between constituents of ionic compounds, they have (low/high?) melting and boiling points.

Ionic compounds also ________ in water and other polar solvents, and are good ____________ of electricity in the molten or aqueous state.

In an ionic lattice structure, the attractive forces between oppositely charged ions are ____________ and repulsive forces between ions of like charge are ____________.

When 2+ atoms with similar ________________ interact, energy required to form ions through the complete transfer of 1+ electrons is greater than the energy that would be released upon formation of an ionic bond.

Covalent compounds contain discrete molecular units with relatively (weak/strong?) intermolecular forces.

The number of shared electron pairs between 2 atoms is called the ________ ________.