Equine
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population
US (10.2m), china, mexico, brazil, argentina, colombia, mongolia 150,000 in MT
earliest horse
sifrhippus (genus) over 55 million years ago about the size of a house cat
modern horse
equus reduction in the number of digits- variation from four toes on the ground adaption and change to different food- advanced molars for grasses and hays increase in size increase in size and complexity of the brain
reasons for evolution
changes in environment wet, woody habitats–> grassy prairies
stay apparatus
a passive, inherent, force resisting system that supports the weight of the body, enables energy efficient locomotion and allows a horse to stand and rest while little energy exertion tendons and ligmaments
history
Columbus brought horses to the West Indies in 1493, reintroduced by Cortez in 1519 and de Soto in 1539 (mexico and US), native americans spread the horse across the western plains through 1750, “wild horse” adapted and flourished through 1850, horse used for mostly draft 1890-1920, 1920-1960 horse numbers declined due to automotives and locomotives increasing from 1980s - recreational horse
leading states
texas, california, florida, oklahoma
horses in the world
60 million
gene G
causes horses to be gray
gene E
ee: red E_: black
gene A (agouti)
determines distribution of black
gene W
makes horse unable to form pigment in skin and hair, albino WW- fatal
gene C
cream dilution gene CC- color remains same Cc- incompletely dominant- red pigment diluted to yellow–palomino
gene D
produces dun coloring
gene CH
champagne gene, metalic sheen
gene Z
silver gene
gene RN
controls roan
gene LP
controls whether or not a horse has the complex of spotting spotting- white superimposed on another color
gene F
F_: chestnut ff: flaxen mane on chestnut
draft horse
1400lbs or more 14.2-17.2 “cold blooded” strength, patient, docile Shire, Belgian, Percheron, Clydesdale
clydesdale
draft originated from Scotland founded 1877 bay, brown, black, roan
belgian
most popular draft breed 16.2-17hh, 2000lbs brabant or belgian heavy draft many colors
arabian
light breed oldest purebreed of horse originated on arabian peninsula no palomino, dun, or buckskin characteristically dished face speed, courage, endurance
thoroughbred
light breed originated in england greatest single influence on the world horse population high spirited and brave original sires: Byerly Turk, Godolphin Arabian, and