4. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms
What is meant by the empirical formula?
The empirical formula shows the simplest possible ratio of the atoms in a molecule.
What is meant by the molecular formula?
The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule
What is meant by the general formula?
The general formula shows a ratio of atoms in a family of compounds in terms of ‘n’ where n is a varying whole number. For example, the general formula of a molecule that belong to the alkane family is CnH2n+2
What is meant by the displayed formulae.
The displayed formulae shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule This is also known as the graphical formula
What is meant by the structural formulae.
• Enough information is shown to make the structure clear, but most of the actual covalent bonds are omitted • Only important bonds are always shown, such as double and triple bonds • Identical groups can be bracketed together • Side groups (substituents) are also shown using brackets
What is a homologous series in organic chemistry, and what are its key features?
• A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group, showing similar features and chemical properties. • Same general formula • Same functional group • Similar chemical properties • Gradation/ trends in physical properties • Each successive member differs by –CH₂–
What is meant by the term functional group?
A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series.
What are isomers?
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed formula
What does the prefix in an organic compound’s name tell you?
The prefix shows how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continuous chain.
What does the suffix in an organic compound’s name tell you?
The suffix shows what functional group is on the compound.
What does the prefix Meth… indicate?
1 carbon atom
What does the prefix Eth… indicate?
2 carbon atoms
What does the prefix Prop… indicate?
3 carbon atoms
What does the prefix But… indicate?
4 carbon atoms
What does the prefix Pent… indicate?
5 carbon atoms
What does the prefix Hex… indicate?
6 carbon atoms
What is the functional group and suffix of an Alkane?
• Functional group: None • Suffix: …ane
What is the functional group and suffix of an Alkene?
• Functional group: C=C double bond • Suffix: …ene
What is the functional group and suffix of an Alcohol?
• Functional group: R–OH • Suffix: …anol
What is the functional group and suffix of a Carboxylic acid?
• Functional group: R–C=O–OH • Suffix: …anoic acid
What is the functional group and suffix of an Ester?
• Functional group: R–C=O–O–R • Suffix: …yl …anoate
When 2 of the same functional groups are present, what is used as a prefix to the second part of the name?
The prefix di- is used before the second part of the name.
Name this organic compound
