Lecture 2

the capacity to bring about intended effects; ability to achieve goals

forceful mode of influence; focuses on relationships “the ability to influence or force others to do something that would not otherwise have done”

• Power as decision-making: who prevails when preferences conflict? (Dahl, 1961) • Power as agenda setting: who controls whether preferences are expressed? (Bachrach & Baratz, 1962) • Power as thought control: who shapes preferences? (Lukes, 1974)

the ability held by individuals and groups in a society that allows them to create and enforce laws and policies for the community

the right to exercise power and influence of a particular position that comes with that position

• citizens’ belief that the power-holders have the right to exercise power and authority • Different from Legality (being lawful)

the territory or sphere of activity over which the legal authority of (political) power extends

the power to make laws and policies

the power to put plans, policies, or laws into effect and enforce them

he power to interpret laws and punish who break them

power and authority is passed on to one who is a member of (royal) family

power and authority is passed among members of a group/party

power-holders are chosen by an electoral process

a territory containing a population and marked by borders, having the legal and political authority known as government, that is regarded as both sovereign by the citizens of the state and the governments of other states.

mass of population living within the state

fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state

managing authority through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out consists of institutions responsible for making collective decisions for society

he supreme source of authority of the state to command and enforce obedience (internal sovereignty); which is recognized by other states (external sovereignty)

A full member of a state, entitled to the rights and subject to duties associated with that state

Autonomous political community whose citizens share a common national identity

a range of national identities under a single government e.g. United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium

Natural rights (by John Locke) • Citizens posses natural right to life, liberty and property, given by God or by nature • Must be protected by law and limit the authority of government; state as problem • Underpinning the American revolution and constitution General will (by Jean-Jacques Rousseau) • Citizens make decisions for the good of society as a whole • Empowered government; state as solution • Underpinning the French revolution and constitution

the modern state system emerged after 1648 Peace of Westphalia, based on sovereignty of states and political self-determination

• Imposing unnecessary divisions on human society. • Having a history of going to war with each other. • Limiting the free movement of people and capital. • Pursuing state interests at the expense of human interests. • Allowing exclusion to dominate over inclusion. • Promoting narrow identities at the expense of broader identities. • Poor record of working with other states to address shared problems such as terrorism, trans-boundary pollution, illegal immigration, and the spread of disease.