Organic 1 + 2 *

carbon dioxide and water vapour (from volcanoes)

• ozone layer forms, allowing evolution of complex organisms • earth cooled • water vapour fell as rain and formed oceans • CO2 dissolved in oceans • green plants evolved, used up CO2, formed O2 • overall CO2 decrease, O2 increase

78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% argon 0.04% carbon dioxide

a mixture of lots of hydrocarbons which boil at different temperatures

using fractional distillation to make it more useful

a compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon

a compound with a central framework of carbon atoms with hydrogen and other atoms attached

formed from the remains of dead organisms over millions of years

• The hydrocarbons in crude oil all contain different numbers of carbon atoms between 1 and over 25 • The lower the number of carbons, the lower the boiling point, and the more volatile the hydrocarbon is • Fractions of hydrocarbons with the lowest boiling points will go to the top of the fractioning tower where the temp is coolest • These hydrocarbons are removed as gas • The other fractions condense lower down and are removed as liquids • The higher up the tower, the lower the number of fractions (of hydrocarbons), the lower the boiling points, the fewer the carbon atoms, the lower the viscosity, the more flammable, the colour gets lighter

• Refinery gases - domestic heating and cooking • Gasoline - fuel for cars • Kerosene - fuel for aircraft • Diesel - fuel for cars, trains • Fuel oil - fuel for large ships, power stations • Bitumen - surfacing roads

a series of organic compounds in the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2- (like a family of compounds)

Methane = CH4 Ethane = C2H6 Propane = C3H8 Butane = C4H10

needs reduced oxygen and produces carbon monoxide, soot, and water

Carbon monoxide it a toxic gas which prevents the uptake of oxygen Soot can cause breathing problems, blacken/stain buildings, block pipes

• Hydrocarbon fuels sometimes contain sulphur compounds which react with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide (SO2-) • Sulphur dioxide dissolves in clouds to form sulphurous acid (acid rain) • Acid rain causes crops to not grow, acidity in lakes and rivers can kill fish and insects, increases the rate of weathering of buildings, increases the rate of corrosion of metals

Catalytic cracking converts the longer-chain alkanes into more useful short-chain alkanes (fuels) and alkenes (starting chemicals for plastics)

they are unsaturated and very reactive

Ethene = C2H4 Propene = C3H6 But-1-ene = C4H8 But-2-ene = C4H8

a molecule that contains 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms in a chain

they are made from alkanes through catalytic cracking

• Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour are greenhouse gases • Greenhouse gases absorb heat energy from earth and prevents it from escaping into space, which keeps the earth warmer • Because of deforestation and increased burning of fossil fuels, there is now more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than before, causing the earths climate to change/get warmer

organic molecules which form from a homologous series with the same general formula CnH2n+1OH (they contain the functional group -OH)

Methanol = CH3OH Ethanol = C2H5OH Propan-1-ol = C3H7OH Butan-1-ol = C4H9OH

fermenting yeast using plant materials like grapes Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 ugar in water, yeast (catalyst) and a temperature of 30 - 40 degrees