11. Introduction to organic chemistry
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What is a general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
What is a structural formula?
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
What is a displayed formula?
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.
What is a skeletal formula?
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A molecule that is made of hydrogen and carbon only.
What is a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive (連續的) member differing by CH2.
What is a functional group?
An atom that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
What does aliphatic mean?
A chain of carbon atoms
What may an aliphatic contain?
• a straight chain of carbon atoms • a branched chain of carbon atoms • alicyclic • aromatic
What does alicyclic mean?
A ring of carbon atoms
What does aromatic mean?
Anything that contains benzene
What does saturated mean?
Only contains single carbon-carbon bonds
What does unsaturated mean?
Contains at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond
What is the formula of alkyl?
CnH2n+1
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
What are the examples of structural isomers?
• positional isomerism • functional group isomerism • chain isomerism
What are the 2 types of covalent bond fission?
• homolytic fission • heterolytic fission
What is homolytic fission?
The evenly breaking of a covalent bond which each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.
What is heterolytic fission?
The breaking of a covalent bond which one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair, forming a positive ion and a negative ion.
What are the types of reactions?
• substitution • addition • elimation
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom/group of atoms on the molecule is swapped with a different atom.
What is an addition reaction?
Adding an atom into the original molecule.
What is an elimination reaction?
Removing an atom from the original molecule.
What are the types of reagants?
• electrophile • nucleophile • free radicals