Chem year 10 for exam
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Periods
Across: number of electron shells
Groups
Down: number of valence electrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element, different number of neutrons in the nucleus
Group 1 elements
Alkali metals
Group 2 elements
Alkali earth metals
Group 17 elements
Halogens
Group 18 elements
Noble gases
Mass number
Number of protons and neutrons
Atomic number
Number of protons
Characteristics of metals
-Solid at room temperature -Polished to produce a high shine/lustre -Good conductors of electricity -Malleable -Can be made into a wire; ductile -Usually melt at high temperatures (mercury is the exception)
Characteristics of non-metals
-Cannot be polished to produce a shine -Brittle; shatter when hit -Cannot be bent into shape; not malleable -Usually, poor conductors of electricity and heat -Usually melt at low temperatures -Many are gases at room temperatures
The number of electrons per shell
2n^2
Flame test: ground state
Lowest energy state of an atom
Flame test: excited state
Highest energy state of an atom
Positively charged ions
Cations
Negatively charged ions
Anions
Electrostatic attraction
The attraction between two oppositely charged bodies
Covalent bond
A shared pair of electrons holding two atoms together
Activity series
Place elements in decreasing order of reactivity
Aqueous solution
Solution in which water is the solvent
Precipitate
Solid product of a chemical reaction that is insoluble in water
Relative atomic mass
A number that compares the mass of atoms to an agreed mass of carbon-12 isotope
Characteristics of alkali metals
All react strongly with water to form basic (alkaline) solutions, very reactive metals
Characteristics of alkali earth metals
Reactive metals