SC22 & SC23 & SC24 - Hydrocarbons / Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids / Polymers

A molecular compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Trick question. They have no functional group

CnH2n+2

• Meth- (Don’t do drugs) • Eth- • Prop- • But-

• Prefix showing its number (e.g. Meth- is 1) • Suffix showing its homologous series (e.g -ane is alkane)

It only contains single bonds between carbon bonds meaning it can’t open out and bond to more atoms

The part of a molecule that identifieis it with its specific functional group and is responsible for its chemical properties (e.g all carboxylic acids have COOH )

All alkenes contain one double covalent bond between two carbon atoms

CnH2n

A meth- alkene would have 1 carbon atom but to be an alkene, it would need a double bond between carbons, which can’t happen, unless there are 2+ carbon atoms

It contains a double covalent bond between two carbon atoms, meaning that the bond can be opened out and another atom can bond to it.

The same molecule with their functional group placed in different places. e.g. below is but-1-ene (as the group is in it’s first possible position) and but-2-ene (with the group in the second position)

• Ethene only has 2 carbon atoms and so the double bond can only be in one place • Propene has 3 carbon atoms and so the double bonds can be in 2 places however, positioning them in these two places would make reflections of the same molecule

• When heated up sufficiently, hydrocarbons will oxidise, and combust, reacting with the oxygen in the air and releasing energy • When sufficient oxygen is present, all the hydrocarbon will oxidise (complete combustion) • Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water • When there is a lack of oxygen, not all of the hydrocarbon will oxidise (incomplete combustion) Carbon monoxide and/or carbon aswell, instead of just carbon dioxide

• When placed in and mixed with bromine water, an alkane won’t react and no change will be observed • However, the double bond in an alkene, will open out and react with the bromine water taking it out of the water and it goes from orange-brown to colourless

Orange-brown

When more than one reactant reacts to form a larger product and no other products

Ethene + Bromine water → 1,2 dibromoethane (Don’t know if this is required knowledge)

• Alcoholic beverages • Fuel for vehicles • Material in raw industry

• Sugars. These are small soluble substances that belong to a group called carbohydrates • Seeds contain a carb called starch (a long polymer). • Germinating seeds allows enzymes to break down the starch into sugars • Fermentation uses enzymes in yeast to turn the sugars into ethanol

• Beer - Barley seeds • Wine - Grapes • Whisky - Barley seeds • Vodka - Wheat seeds

• Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide • Yeast containing enzymes that will turn the glucose solution into ethanol • Heat source keeps the solution at the optimum temperature of around 25 C • Air lock lets out carbon dioxide, but doesn’t let any oxygen in, allowing anaerobic respiration to occur