Automation & Immunochemical Techniques

3 phases of analytic process

The first continuous flow, single-channel, sequential batch analyzer capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples/hr

It was the first noncontinuous flow, discrete analyzer as well as the first instrument to have random access capabilities, whereby stat specimens could be analyzed out of sequence on an as- needed basis.

This instrument was the first to use microsample volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis and to incorporate computer technology extensively into its design and use.

The most recent milestone in chemistry analyzer development has been the combination of chemistry and immunoassay

liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped through a system of continuous tubing.

3 basic approaches with instruments

uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor.

Major advantage of centrifugal analysis

the separation of each sample and accompanying reagents in a separate container.

They are the most popular and versatile analyzers

Light source used in Reflectance spectrometry

It has been and remains a manual process in most laboratories

The most sophisticated approach that is commonly used today in specimen identification

These slides have microscopically thin layers of dry reagents mounted on a plastic support. The slides are approximately the size and thickness of a postage stamp.

Most automated wet chemistry analyzers use ________ that dip into the reaction container for a few seconds to stir sample and reagents, after which they return to a wash reservoir

causes major interference in many analyses.

In the older continuous flow systems, a _____ was the separation or filtering module. It performed the equivalent of the manual procedures of precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration, using a fine-pore cellophane membrane.

are attached from multiple remote stations where the reaction mixtures reside to a centralized monochromator/detector unit that, in conjunction with the computer, sequences and analyzes a large volume of light signals from multiple reactions.

refers to automated devices and robots integrated with existing analyzers to perform all phases of laboratory testing. Most attention to date has been devoted to development of the front-end systems that can identify and label specimens, centrifuge the specimen and prepare aliquots, and sort and deliver samples to the analyzer or to storage.

Developed RadioImmunoAssay (RIA)

Immunoprecipitation techniques: Gel-Passive

Immunoprecipitation techniques: Gel-Electrophoresis

Immunoprecipitation techniques: Soluble Phase