communication models and post-normal science
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what component of communication is the sender of the message
source
What component of communication is the recipient of the message
receiver
What component of communication is the process of turning thoughts into communication
encoding
What component of communication is the process of turning communication into thoughts
decoding
What component of communication is the reply or response (verbal or non-verbal) to the message
feedback
What component of communication is the content of communication
message
What component of communication is the vehicle through which communication travels
channel
What component of communication is the interference in communication
noise
What comm model only looks at one-way communication and is a single-direction process that occurs when a sender passes along a message without any feedback or response from the receiver?
Linear model
What comm model is a two-way process of exchanging ideas, messages, and information and involves an active exchange between two or more parties where each takes turn as the sender and receiver of the message
Interactive model
What comm model is the communication between two or more people in an ongoing exchange of messages where both sender and receiver influence what is communicated. It hones in on the context of the mesage and how it is process by each person, paying special attention to nonverbalcues like posture, vocal inflection, and facial expressions
Transactional Models
What linear model is… communication > message > medium > receiver > effect
Laswell’s comm model
What linear model is… sender > encoder > channel (< noise) > decoder > receiver
Shannon and Weaver’s comm model
What linear model is… (sender; encoder) > signal (< noise) > (decoder; receiver) involves field of experience
Schramm’s comm model
What linear model is… envi factors > sender > gatekeeper > receiver
Westley and Maclean’s comm model
What linear model is… source (KAP) > message (content) > channel (5 senses) > receiver (KAP)
Berlo’s comm model
Examples of linear models of communication
• radio • TV • book publications • socmed posts • letters/memos
7 biases associated with linear models
• view of comm as one-way instead of two-way overtime • source biased on dependency not interdependency • tendency to focus on objects of comm isolated from their context (in a vacuum) • tendency to focus on messages per se • tendency to consider primary purpose of communication for persuasion • tendency to concentrate on psychologicl effects of communication on separate individuals • belief in one-way mechanistic causation
Advantages of linear communication
• beneficial for mass communication • simple and straightforward • more efficient • ensures only one message is delivered
disadvantages of linear communication
• does not allow feedback • does not account for noise • ineffective when multiple messages • difficulty in ensuring everyone understands the same message • less effective when multiple stakeholders are involved
examples of interactive models of communication
• emails • text messages • online forums • chat rooms • conversation with two or more people
Advantages of interactive communication
• increased flexibility • more effective • improved problem solving • higher levels of trust
Disadvantages of interactice communication
• requires more effort • time consuming • sensitivity and emotional risks • difficulties in measuring success • difficult for mass communication
Examples of transactional models of communication
• phone calls • focus groups • group discussions • brainstorming sessions • video conference