A&P sem1
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describe levels of organisation in the cells
• chemical e.g: h20 • cell • tissue • organ e.g: lungs -system e.g: cardiovascular organism e.g: human
what are the 11 systems
**integumentary **- protection, sensation, thermoregulation cardio vasucalar **reproductive **- support developing foetus digestive skeletal muscular urinary - waste excretion, control blood lymphatic - immune defence, pathogen nervous - communication, control endocrine - communication through hormones, glands respiratory
describe the 4 types of tissue
connective - store energy, fill internal spaces **epithelial **- layers of cells neural - ability to conduct electrical impulses muscular - ability to contract
Organ definition
DISCRETE COLLECTION OF TWO OR MORE TISSUES COOPERATIVELY PERFORMING A FUNCTION
POSITIONING towards feet towards head nearest trunk of body furthest trunk of body towards belly button away from belly button towards back towards front
towards feet = SUPERIOR towards head = INFERIOR nearest trunk of body = PROXIMAL furthest trunk of body = DISTAL towards belly button = MEDIAL away from belly button = LATERAL towards back POSTERIOR/DORSAL towards front ANTERIOR/VENTRAL
frontal plane transverse plane sagittal plane
frontal - cut front and back in half transverse - cut legs off sagittal - between eyes
Cavities Back of body front of body
Back = dorsal , brain and spinal chord Front = ventral, Thoracic cavity : plural and pericardial cavity) Abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal, pelvic, peritoneal cavities
homeostasis + -
maintenance of constant internal environment + = exaggerates difference - = returns to normal
Anatomy of: CNS PNS
CNS = brain+spinal chord, transmit motor commands, sensory data PNS = tissue outside CNS, deliver sensory info to CNS, motor commands to peripheral tissue
homeostasis: stimulus journey
stimulus receptor control centre effector response
what are the 3 types of receptors?
special sensory = senses visceral sensory = internal organs somatic sensory = skeletal muscle, joints, skin surface
NERVOUS SYSTEM what division does: - sensory info - motor commands go to?
sensory = AFFERENT motor = EFFERENT
NERVOUS SYSTEM what’s the difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system What are the 2 divisions autonomic system includes
Somatic, have to think about your next action Autonomic, body responds automatically via PARASYMPATHETIC (rest and digest) / SYMPATHETIC (fight or flight)
NERVOUS SYSTEM what are the 4 structures of neurones? where are they found?
anaxonic = brain. small, not common bipolar = special sense organs unipolar = cell body lies to one side, sensory neurones of pns multi polar = cns, control skeletal muscle, 2 or more dendrites, single axon
Spinal chord What neurones are myelinated, grey or white matter?
Grey matter = unmyelinated neurones White matter = myelinated afferent neurones, rapid signal delivery
how many segments are there in the spinal chord?
31
what does each segment of the spinal chord contain? and what do these do in the segment?
pair of dorsal root ganglia = sensory info to spinal chord through sensory neurones and cell bodies pair of ventral roots = axons and motor neurones
where do dorsal roots and ventral roots bind?
in a single spinal nerve
SPINAL CHORD what is a dermatome?
specific section of skin controlled by spinal nerves
describe the process of a reflex arc?
1)STIMULUS, activates receptor 2)SENSORY NEURONE activated through dorsal root 3) info processed by CNS 4)MOTOR NEURONE activated through ventral root 5)RESPONSE, by peripheral effector
What is a Golgi tendon organ?
• muscle contracts, senses tension in tendon • has inhibitive afferent neuron • too much tension, GTO releases to protect
BRAIN: CEREBRUM what are the 4 areas and what are they responsible for?
FRONTAL LOBE - voluntary motor association area, speech TEMPORAL LOBE - auditory association area OCCIPITAL LOBE - visual association area PARIETAL LOBE - somatic sensory association area
BRAIN Physical protection? hint: 3
• cranium bones • cranial meninges, 3 layers • cerebrospinal fluid, surrounds all exposed areas of cos
BRAIN Biochemical isolation?
blood brain barrier, CNS isolated from general circulation