Language Learning and Teaching Processes
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correlation between cognition and language is especially strong in the first __ years of life
2
4 principles of cognitive learning that also apply to language acquisition
1) attending to stimuli selectively, not all 2) discriminating stimuli (a diff than b) 3) memory 4) classification
children learn by forming ____ and testing them
hypotheses
two types of knowledge that help with language acquisition
1) event-based 2) taxonomic
From 0-2 years, comprehension is _____-dependent
context
On average, children are able to understand ____ words before they can produce __
50; 10
another name for language comprehension is ___
reception
another word for language production is ___
expression
Three principles we think toddlers use for language reception
1) REFERENCE - a word refers to a thing 2) EXTENDABILITY - words can be extended 3) WHOLE-OBJECT - word means the whole thing, not a part
4 expressive strategies for toddlers
1) making statements and waiting for feedback 2) testing hypothesis 3) asking directly 4) imitation
verbal routine used in everyday conversation; don’t necessarily understand, but knows what phrase does
Formula
learning language process where preschooler uses what they know to decode more mature language
Bootstrapping
what are seven universal language learning principles for children?
1) ENDS ARE IMPORTANT 2) MODIFICATION IS OK 3) WORD ORDER IS IMPORTANT 4) USE PREDICTABLE PATTERNS 5) USE CLEAR SEMANTICS 6) AVOID EXCEPTIONS TO RULES 7) GRAMMATICAL MARKERS SHOULD BE MEANINGFUL
Child-directed speech most effective from months ___-___
18-21