3.1 Intro to Organic
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Define empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule.
Define molecular formula
Gives the actual number of different elements in a molecule.
Define displayed formula
Shows every atom and bond in a molecule.
Define structural formula
Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond.
Define skeletal formula
Drawn lines with each vertex being a carbon atom - presumes all unspecified bonds as C-H.
Define structural isomerism
When molecules have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.
What is positional isomerism ?
When the functional group is attached or located at a different place on the chain.
What is functional group isomerism ?
When molecules have the same atoms but a different functional group due to their structure.
What is chain isomerism ?
When hydrocarbon chains are organised differently eg having branched chains.
Define stereoisomerism
When molecules have the same structural and molecular formula but are arranged differently in space.
What are E/Z Isomers ? (2) What determines E/Z isomers ?
• E/Z isomerism only occurs in molecules which have C=C as it provides limited rotation • This lack of rotation means that the groups attached to the carbons are not the same if one is positioned up and one is positioned down • If the two groups with the highest mass are on the same side of the double bond it is a Z isomer • If they are on different sides it’s a E isomer. • (Different sides)