transition metals

an element that forms at least one stable ion with a partially filled d sub shell

1) form complex ions 2) coloured ions- transition metal compounds are diffrent colours 3) catalytic properties- transition elements and compounds formed from transition events can act as catalysts 4) variable oxidation states transition elements form compounds in which the metal can have different oxidation states

shared pared of electrons that come from the same ion

an ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that can from a coordinate bong

2 coordinate bonds in a ligand

number of coordiante bonds

centeral atom surrounded by ligands

2 or more coordinate bonds formed

water H2O: ammonia :NH3 hydroxide -:OH chloride Cl:- cynaide -:CN

ethane-1,2-diamine :NH2CH2CH2NH3: ethanedioate ion C2O4-2

relatively large

6 2 form N atoms 4 from O atoms

when a monodente ligand is substituted by and bidente ligand or multi dente ligand AND THERE IS A LARGE INCREASE IN ENTROPY

more moles of products then reactants so increase in entropy/disorder same amount of bonds broken as formed ^H IS APPROXIMATELY ZERO ^G is less then or exalt to zero making reaction feasible

O2 forms a coordinate bond to Fe2+ in hameoglobin enabling oxygen to be transported in the blood CO is toxic because CO bonds more strongly to Fe2+ in hameglobin this prevents O2 from forming bonds causing suffocation

same structural formula but a diffrent arrangement in space

2 ligands arranged opposite to each other

two ligands arranged next to each other

binds to the DNA in cancer cells and stops cell replication preventing growth and spread of cancer cells

optical isomers rotate a plane of polarised light in opposite directions

ROY -low energy G BIV- high in energy

they have partially filled 3d subshells in a transition metals all d orbitals are equal in energy (GROUND STATE) the presence od other atoms causes the d orbitals to have slightly diffrent energies this enables electrons to be excited from one d subshel to another when an electron moves from a low energy subshel to a higher one the energy needed to make the transition is taken from white light the colour of the light absorbed is then missing from the light which is reflected the colours are transmitted give the compound is colour

^E=hv ^E is change in energy gained by the excited electron h is planks constant v is frequency of light

large increase in energy between d sub shells high energy light absorbed to excite electrons red orange yellow reflected so looks red orange