States Of Matter + Solubility

• regularly arranged • particles vibrate in fixed positions • particles are very close together due to the strong forces of attraction between particles

• random arrangement • particles move around each other freely • particles are still close to each other

• random arrangement • particles move quickly in all directions • particles are far apart

• gases have the highest energy in their particles • this is because particles in a gas can move the fastest and therefore have the highest kinetic energy

• melting= solid to liquid • increased kinetic energy from heat causes the particles in the solid to vibrate increasingly faster • eventually the forces of attraction can no longer hold the particles together as they now vibrate so fast • the particles can now move around each other and the solid melts to become a liquid • the melting point is the temperature that this occurs at • the particles have increased energy

• freezing = liquid to solid • as particles transfer energy away from them, they move increasingly slower as they cool • eventually particles are moving so slowly that the forces of attraction are able to hold them together and pack them more closely • now they can only vibrate in fixed positions and the liquid has now frozen, becoming a solid • the freezing point is the temperature that this occurs at

melting and freezing point are the same

• boiling = liquid to gas • during boiling, the liquid is heated strongly enough that the particles can completely overcome all forces of attraction between them • gas bubbles form throughout the liquid and rise to the surface where the gas can escape • once particles can move around quickly and freely in all directions, the liquid has boiled into a gas • the boiling point is the temperature that this occurs at

• gas to liquid = condensation • if a gas is cooled, the particles’’ energy gets transferred away from them, causing them to move slower • eventually, they move slow enough that the forces of attraction between them are strong enough to hold the particles together and condense them into a liquid

• solid to gas = sublimation • gas to solid = deposition • some substances can change directly from a solid into a gas, without going into a liquid form first • e.g CO2

liquid

• the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration down the concentration gradient • it is a passive process that occurs due to the random movement of particles

diffusion occurs due to the random movement of particles

• bromine gas is brown in colour • initially, the bottom half of the tube has bromine gas in it, and it is separated by a glass plate from the top • high concentration is seen by the dark brown colour and low concentration is seen by pale brown or colourlessness • once glass plate is removed, the gas diffuses throughout the tube and the brown colour begins to spread • once diffusion is complete, then the brown colour is uniform throughout the tube

• tube with a cotton wool soaked with HCl on one side and NH3 on the other • diffusion occurs and the particles move from HC near the cotton wool to a LC in the middle of the tube • ammonia particles are smaller than HCl particles so have a faster diffusion rate as more particles can travel in the same volume • this means that the ammonia particles move faster and so further along the tube than the HCl ones • NH3 reacts with HCl to produce a ring of NH4Cl closer to the HCl side

• initially the purple potassium manganate (VII) sinks to the base of the beaker of water • the HC is at the bottom of the beaker where there’s a lot of potassium manganate (VII) and the LC is all the water around it • diffusion occurs and the potassium manganate (VII) particles begin to move to the low conc • this can be seen by the spreading purple colour • once diffusion is complete, the particles are evenly spread throughout the beaker of water, so the purple colour is uniform throughout the liquid

the liquid that a solute would dissolve in

the solid that dissolves in the solvent

the liquid formed when the solute dissolves in the solvent

a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible at that temperature

• solids become more soluble in liquids as temp increases • this is bc the increased temperature adds energy to the system, increasing the kinetic energy of solvent and solute particles • this extra energy helps the solute particles overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together, allowing more solute to dissolve into the solvent

• gases become less soluble in liquids as temperature increases # • this is bc the liquid and gas particles gain more energy • this makes it easier for gas particles to escape the surface of the liquid

the mass of solute that must dissolve in 100g of solvent to form a saturated solution at a particular temperature

mass of solute/ mass of solvent x 100