Summaries for C16,17&18 - Nutrition through life
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How long does a favourable pregnancy last?
Full-term of gestation period
What does a favourable pregnancy result in?
A healthy infancy weighting more than 5.5 pounds + permits the mother to return to her pre-pregnancy health.
What is LBW often associated with?
Pre-mature birth
What is the critical period?
Specific time during embryonic or fetal life when cells develop into a particular tissue or organ.
What does the placenta contain?
Maternal + fetal bv which are so close that nutrients + O2 pass easily from mother to fetus + fetal wastes are shuttled from the fetus to the mother for excretion.
When does lactation occur?
In the postpartum period.
When does the let-down reflex occur?
When oxytocin causes milk to be released from the milk-prod lobules.
What is the let-down reflex inhibited by?
Nervous tension Lack of confidence Fatigue
What is colostrum?
A thin, yellowish “immature” milk
When can colostrum appear?
Anytime from later pregnancy to several days postpartum.
What is a lactating woman’s DRI based on?
Quantity of milk prod by the avg mother Its nutrient content Amounts of her nutrients being used to prod the milk
Overview of breastfeeding
Suckling stimulates nerves in nipple + areola that travel to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin + the anterior pituitary to release prolactin. • Oxytocin stimulates lobules in breast to let down (release) milk from storage. • Prolactin stimulates additional milk prod.
Maternal characteristics affecting pregnancy outcome
Age Health Safety of food supply Eating patterns Sociocultural factors Lifestyle choices
When is physical growth rate at its peak velocity?
During infancy Slows during childhood Incr again during adolescence
What is the best indicator of a Childs nutritional status?
Growth
What in the growing years is a good indicator of recent nutritional status?
BMI-for-age OR weight-for-length for those under 2yrs.
When does growth in height cease?
When growth plates at the ends of bones fuse.
Up until what age does human milk or iron-fortified infant formula + the baby’s internal nutrient stores meet an infants nutrient needs?
4-6 months
List advantages to infants drinking human milk
May red risk of food allergies + intolerances Provides antibodies - good while immune system is immature Contributes to maturation of the GI tract Always fresh + ready Bacteriologically safe
At what age does human milk or formula gradually decr while solid food intake slowly incr?
Between 6-12 months
Breastfed infants
Breastfeed for 6 months or longer if poss. - As this declines, introduce iron-fortified infant formula. Provide 400 IU/day of vitamin D
Formula-fed infants
Use an iron fortifies formula for 1st yr of life.