semester 2

any condition that adversely affects the normal functioning of any part of a living thing

Infectious: a disease caused by an organism or infective agent (pathogen) Non-infectious: a disease that is not caused by a pathogen, and, with the exception of inherited diseases, cannot be passed from one person to another

physical damage to the body caused by an accident or an attack

• Destroying cells and tissues with enzymes. • Producing toxins which are harmful to the host. • Causing the initiation of a debilitating immune system response.

Epithelial cells - - skin - lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts Adaptations - - Mucus-secreting membranes - Membranes lines with cilia

• Lysozyme, enzymes and fatty acids • tears, sweat, saliva • Low pH – stomach, vagina • Surfactants - lungs

Normal flora - Skin - In mouth, nose, throat, lower gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract - Prevents growth and colonisation of other bacteria

• Includes the 1st and 2nd lines of defense • Rapid response • barriers to keep pathogens out

• The 3rd line of defence. • Slower but highly specific to a particular antigen.

• Characterised by redness, swelling, heat, pain and pus (largely composed of dead white blood cells) • Response to cut through skin or presence of pathogen (infection). • A mechanism of ensuring our ‘troops’ get to the location of the fight.

Blood platelets adhere to surface of any cut blood vessels to reduce blood loss and prevent bacteria spreading. This is how a scab is formed

• An increase in the bodies set point temperature in response to infection (feel cold/chills even though body temp. is raised) • Thought to reduce the growth of bacteria and increase the effectiveness of the immune system.

• Inflammation response - white blood cells are attracted to the area causing heat, swelling and redness • body starts processes to form blood clots in the injured area • Blood platelets are encouraged to stick to exposed parts of any tissue • Immune cells will remove any damaged or dead cells • Local nerves can also be triggered, causing pain

• Platelets also release chemicals that attract cells to the site of the injury • These cells begin rebuilding, and produce large amounts of collagen (which makes up scar tissue)

• Muscles around the area need to be strengthened

A medical procedure that invades (enters) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin or by inserting instruments into the body.

• Diagnoses inflammation, anaemia and cancer • treat conditions that affect the upper part of digestive system, including the oesophagus, stomach to the beginning of the small intestine. • Depending on the purpose of the endoscopy, the tube is inserted via a natural opening of the body, or through a small cut made in the skin. • Tissue samples can be removed from the patient and surgical procedures can be carried out. • The main advantages of endoscopy are that it is minimally invasive and provides real-time images in true colour.

• performed to find signs and symptoms • medical procedure that examines the large bowel • can be used to look for cancer of the colon (bowel cancer) or colon polyps, which are growths on the lining of the colon.

• a sample of tissue taken from the body for further examination. • most often done to abnormal masses, tissues or lesions to look for cancer. • Biopsies are usually a follow up of a physical exam or ultrasound. • using a sharp tool to remove a small amount of tissue usually a needle. • Examples of biopsies: • Needle Biopsy • CT guided biopsy • Ultrasound guided biopsy.

• all are not invasive but some are minimally invasive • used to diagnose and treat a variaty ailments • examples include urine, saliva, mucus, blood and faeces

• test done for women between 25-74 every 5 years • involves collecting cells from the cervix • tests for viruses such as HPV, HPV can go on to cause some types of cancer, including cervical cancer. • The way the specimen is collected is the same for cervical screening and pap test/smear it is the storage and testing that is different.

• looks inside the body to help make a diagnosis • usually involves the opening of the body cavity to diagnose and determine the extent of the disease process

Transportation - - Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes and other cells Regulation - - Regulates pH, electrolyte composition, temperature Protection - - White blood cells have a role in the immune response, platelets help with clotting

• blood typing • complete blood count • iron studies test • liver function test • Kidney function test • Thyroid function • Cholesterol • Anti-body testing • Inflammatory marker