Paper 2 Collection

The energy transferred by a force as it moves an object in the direction of a force.

E = F x d (Energy = Force x distance moved)

P = E ÷ t (Power = Energy ÷ time)

W - Watts (Equivalent to J/s - Joules per second)

Contact forces

Normal contact force

• Gravitational fields • Static electricity • Magnetism

A force field. An area around an object in which another object could experience a force.

• Force is a vector quantity. • The force of the moon on the earth is the same size as the earth on the moon but they are in opposite directions. • Neither objects move in the direction of the force.

Moment (N m) = Force (N) x distance perpendicular to the pivot (m)

It is in equilibrium

The some of clockwise moments = the sum of anti-clockwise moments [When a system is in equilibrium]

The Parallelogram method: • (If the start of a diagram hasn’t already been provided, draw to the two forces using a scale) • Draw another pair of dashed-lines parallel to the forces • This should form a parallelogram • Draw a line from the object to the vertically opposite corner • Measure this line and use the scale to work out the size • If required, measure the angle to show the direction

The Rectangle method: • Draw faint horizontal and vertical lines fom the object • Measure the angle from the horizontal/vertical that the object is at • Using a scale, draw a line the represent this force • Draw lines down and across from where this line ends to the horizontal and vertical respectively • Measure out the length from the object to each of these poitns • Use the scale to work out the size

• The first smaller gear can be connected to the motor where it recieves the moment • This passes on an equal force to the second larger gear • Since the second gear is larger, it will have a larger radius. • This means that its the distance from the pivot will be greate • Therefore it will have a larger moment (turnign force) as M = F x d

• The formula for a moment (the turning force) is M = F x d • Thus, by increasing the distance form the pivot, you will either: • Increase the turning force • Decrease the force required to produce the same turning force

• Proton and neutron in the nucelus, each with a relative mass of 1. • Protons have a charge of +1. • Electrons orbit in energy levels each with a charge of -1 and a relative mass of 1/1835 (negligible)

The force that pushes the electrons to flow around the circuit.

What we refer to as the direciton of current from positive to negative. Opposite to the flow of electrons.

• Series: everything connected in one route • Parallel: many options for different routes.

• If the circuit becomes incomplete along one path, the rest of the circuit can still continue to function. (e.g - Switches can be connected to different parts meaning lights in parallel to each other can be switched in and off individually) • If a bulb goes off, the rest of the circuit in parallel to this can still continue to function

Amps (Amperes). Measured using an ammeter which is attached in series to the circuit

Volts. Measured using a voltmeter which is attached in parallel to the component you are measuring the potential difference of.

• S: The total current is the same at all points throughout the circuit • P: The total current gets split between the branches of the circuit, inversely proportionate to the resistance of the components in those branches.